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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Theoretical Review
1. Speaking
a. Definitions of Speaking
Speaking is the process of transferring, sharing and conveying information in human relationship. Everyday people speak to fulfill the
demands of social interaction either interpersonal or transactional in their relationship. Conversation is promoting social relationship interpersonal and
conveying propositional or factual information transactional between two or more speakers Brown, 2001.
However, speaking is more than just share information, but the primary intention is to maintain the relationship in social interaction. People who
speak sometime do not really mean to get or share the information; they just need to create a relationship. Richards and Renandya 2002 state that
speaking is the primary intention of the former is to maintain social relationship, whereas that of the later is to convey information and ideas. To
maintain either interpersonal or transactional, people need to speak well. How well they speak is determining the effective communication in their
relationship. Speaking is producing sounds; it means that the speakers should be
producing correct words, intonation, and other vocal cords to make the ideas
conveyed effectively. By the voice of the speakers the partner can predict the meaning of the speakers whether to inform, to persuade, or to entertain the
others. Besides, by speaking the listener can predict about the personality of the speaker. Louma 2003, states that when someone speaks, they make
images of their personality, attitude, home region, and native or non-native speaker status. It can be inferred that speaking is expressing ideas, opinions,
or feelings to others by using words or sounds of articulation in order to fulfill the demands of human relationship.
Since speaking involves interaction with participant or partner, it is very important to have a good deal with listening. People give responses to the
partner by listening. This means that listening plays important role in achieving effective speaking.
Besides, speaking has also important micro skills that should be known which support the existence of speaking skill. Brown 2000 divides micro
skills of oral communication as follows: producing chunks of language of different lengths, producing English stress patterns, words in stressed and
unstressed positions rhythmic structure, and intonational contours, producing fluent speech at different rates of delivery, using cohesive devices in spoken
discourse, and accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to situations, participants, and goals.
In the conclusion, speaking is the skills for human fulfill the demands of their life in social interaction. To get a meaningful communication in social
interaction, speaker should really consider to speaking skills. When people hear someone speak, they make kinds of judgments of the speakers.
b. Function of Speaking
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