interaction, speaker should really consider to speaking skills. When people hear someone speak, they make kinds of judgments of the speakers.
b. Function of Speaking
There are three functions of speaking according to Brown and Yule in Richards 2008. They are talk as interaction, transaction and performance.
1 Talk as Interaction
Talk as interaction is usually called a conversation. This communication is done in order to fulfill the social function. Talk as
interaction refers to the communicative contact between and among human being that simply allows them to establish social contact and to
keep channels of communication open. This is how people to keep their social relation and interaction.
2 Talk as Transaction
Talk as transaction is done to fulfill the human transaction of deals. This is done not merely to keep the relationship but more than it. This
refers to the situations where the focus of the speaking is on the content. Brown 2001 states that talk as transaction has purposes to convey or
exchange the specific information. 3
Talk as Performance This talk refers to public talk, for example public announcements,
morning talks, and speeches. Watkins 2004 states that talk as performance refers to spoken language activities which often be done in
the front of audience. Talk as performance is often done in the front of public or audience in the form of monolog rather than dialog.
In conclusion, people use speaking to fulfill the demands of human life. They have their own needs in doing speaking; as transactional or
interpersonal. However, the point of the speaking used is generally to maintain the relationship of human interaction.
c. The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is one of the skills that has to be mastered by students in learning English. Some experts have various definitions about speaking.
According to Louma 2009:10, speaking is a process of person who uses their voice to speech meaningfully. In the same point, Chaney 1998 in
Kayi 2006 states that speaking is the process of building, sharing meaning, expressing ideas through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a
variety of contexts. In line with the statement above, Thornbury 2005 asserts that the first point to underline is that speech production takes place
in real time. Words follow words and phrases follow phrases. Similarly at the level of utterance, speech is produced utterances by utterances.
According to Brown and Yule 1989 in Nunan 1989:26, spoken language consists of short, often fragmentally utterances in a range of
pronunciation. It is related to an ability to express meaning through words pronounced by a speaker. In addition, this is a skill which generally has to
be learned and practiced. There are two functions in speaking, transactional and interpersonal function.
As a speaker, consciously or unconsciously, people use their speech to create an image of themselves to others. According to Louma 2009, the
speakers create a texture for their talk that supports and enhances what they are saying. They use speed and pausing, and variations in pitch, volume, and
intonation, when they are saying. The above explanation is strengthened by Nunan 1989 who indicates
ten components which build in successful communication. They are the ability to articulate phonological features of the comprehensibly, mastery of
stress, rhythm, intonation pattern, an acceptable degree of fluency, transactional and interpersonal skills, skills in taking short and long
speaking terms, skills in management of interaction, skills in negotiating meaning, conversational listening skills successful conversation acquire
good listener as well as good speakers, skills in knowing about and negotiating purpose of conversation, using appropriate conversational
formulae and fillers. Those are important components that should be mastered by a communicator to make successful communication.
Based on the experts above, the students can use a language for communicating. The students can share their opinion with others.
Furthermore, they can communicate both verbal and non-verbal communication for making their image in the social relationship. Therefore,
the students should be mastered some components to make successful communication.
d. Basic Skill of Speaking
