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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definitions of Translation
Many experts have delivered various ideas upon the definition of translation. “Translation, generally understood involves the rendering of a source
language SL text into the target language TL so as to ensure that 1 the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and 2 the structures of
the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted.” Bassnett, 1991:2. In his book Pengantar
Teori Terjemahan, Maurits D.S. Simatupang 2000: 2 states that translating is transferring the meaning existing in the SL to the TL, and makes it as natural as
possible along with the rules of the TL. He highlights an issue that a translation product should read as an original text instead of a translation. To achieve it, a
translation product should apply natural TL forms, optimally communicate the intended meaning of the ST, and retain the ST dynamism.
The book Thinking Spanish Translation mentions that translation as a process includes two types of activity; they are to understand a ST, and to
formulate a TT. These two activities occur simultaneously 1995:7. In other words, “translation encompasses the process of extracting information by way of
comprehension and interpretation from a given text, and then re-expressing the details of that information in another text using a different form of words”
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1995:8. Furthermore, according to Nida 1991:33, “the activity of translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of
a source language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
From those definitions, it can be concluded that translation is a process to transfer messages in SL into TL, which should consider the content of the
messages, the language structures, and the style as well. Throughout the process of translating a SL text, a translator is highly
required to understand the content of the text to subsequently be able to produce their equivalence in the TL, as natural and close as possible.
B. Problems in Translation
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