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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter will particularly discuss the result of the research analysis which is divided into three sub-chapters. The first sub-chapter highlights the types
of pun which are found in the dialogue of the animation movie Madagascar II Escape to Africa. The second sub-chapter focuses on the translation technique
employed by the translator in translating the puns from the dialogue in the SL into the subtitle text in TL. The last sub-chapter will specifically discuss the level of
accuracy of the pun translation.
A. Types of Pun
There are three types of pun found in the movie of Madagascar II Escape to Africa, they are paronymy, homonymy, and polysemy. The table below shows
the distribution of each type. Table 4.1. Types of Pun in Madagascar II Escape to Africa.
Types of Pun Amount
Percentage
Paronymy 32 data
80 Homonymy
5 data 12,5
Polysemy 3 data
7,5
Total 40 data
100
36
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a. Paronymy
In chapter II, it is stated that according to Schroter, paronymy is the relationship between linguistic structures that are formally similar, but not
identical on either phonetic or the orthographical level 2005:197. De Fries also highlights the difference of words on the surface level as the characteristic of
paronymy. Most similarities involve only one or two letters. The similarity of paronymy is weaker than homonymy. The relation, however, is strong enough for
the reader or listener to spot out De Fries in Schroter, 2005: 207.
In the movie, the greatest amount of pun type is paronymy. It can be seen on the table 4.1 that 80 or 32 numbers of 40 data are paronymy. There are 32
data that show how paronymy is exploited to arouse audi ences’ laughter.
Following are three extracts of paronymy that illustrate the similarity of linguistic structures in phonetic or orthographical level. The puns are underlined.
Datum number 09.15Pn001 Mort
: King Julien, wait for me Im all packed I have a whole itinerary planned
King Julien : Oh, no Its Mort Hes so annoying Dont let him on. Stop that
thing Hes carrying scissors and hand cream King Julien, together with all New York zoo inhabitants intended to get on
the plane that left for New York. Suddenly, one of Madagascar citizen, Mort, came and insisted to join the flight. King Julien , however, disapproved him to
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join the flight as Mort was considered as an irritating fellow. King Julien tried to stop Mort to join the flight by shouted ou
t loud “Hes carrying scissors and hand cream
”
The visual of the movie showed that King Julien shouted out the sentence with terrified expression as if Mort was carrying gun and bomb or another
dangerous weapon, while Mort was actually only carrying a suitcase. Though the words “scissors and hand cream” and “gun and bomb” are not closely similar in
phonetic or orthographical level, the tone and face expression when King Julien uttered the sentence highlighted the panic of King Julien when Mort intended to
join the flight as if he had carried dangerous weapon. Therefore the expressions “scissors and hand cream” is considered as paronymy.
Datum number 12.08Pn002. Gloria
: Yeah, dating. Melman
: Other... other guys? Gloria
: What do you mean other guys? Melman
: Darn it Melman was trapped in a conversation which forced him to reveal his
feeling toward Gloria. To avoid this, Melman tried to distract his friends’ attention
by asking about the beverage service that seems to take so long to arrive. To create a shocking and distracting effect Melman sayd
“Darn it”
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The movie “Madagascar II” is categorized as an animation family movie in which the movie accommodates entertainment for all family members. The
movie, however, has several swearing words in the dialogue such as “Shit”,
“Damn it”, and so forth. Therefore, to make the dialogue more child friendly, those swearing words are changed into less explicit expression
such as “sit” for “shit”, “darn it” for “damn it”, and so forth. In the dialogue, the swearing word
“damn” is said twice, and both swearing are changed into “darn”. The words “darn” and “damn” are similar in phonetic level. The difference lies only on α:n
as the end sound of “darn”, and æm as the end sound of “damn”. Consequently, the word “darn” is considered as paronymy.
Datum number 12.42Pn003. King Julien
: In-flight slave. Private
: Can I help you, Mr. Mankiewicz? King Julien
: Bring my nuts on a silver platter. Melman
: We were checking on our drink order. King Julien was enjoying a movie in his first class cabin when Melman
came in to ask about the drink order. A few second afterward, Private showed up to ask what service he could gave to them. King Julien permitted Private to get in
to the cabin by saying “In-flight slave” and addressed Private as “flight slave” instead of
“steward” to highlight his superior position compared to other passengers.
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Generally, every airway has its flight attendants; steward for male attendant, and stewardess for female attendant. In his plane, King Julien did not
address the attendant “steward” or “stewardess” but he called them a “flight
slave ” . It can be inferred from the dialogue that King Julien is a character who
considers that class segregation still exists. As a king, he surely sits on the highest class or society rank. Therefore, he considers himself as the noblest person in the
society, and at the same time, he looks down on other people who have lower social class. His way of thinking explains how he changes the way he names a
flight attendant into a flight slave. The word attendant and slave share similar meaning, which is someone who helps other people in doing specific thing.
However, the word slave highlights more on class segregation, to show that the person holds a low social class. Therefore, the
compound noun “flight slave” is considered as a paronymy.
Datum number 43.40Pn020. Elephant: Dont ask.
Melman: Someones been knotty. This wont hurt a bit. Melman, the new witch doctor, was seen in the scene to help to cure the
animals around him. One of them was the elephant who was in trouble for his trunk gets tangled. With an upset expression, the elephant tried to prevent Melman
from giving any comment upon his condition. Seeing the elephant, however, Melman gave
comment “Someone’s been knotty”. Melman showed teasing expression in saying the sentence.
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The scene when Melman said the word “knotty” shows Melman’s teasing
expression. In relation to the visual aspect, t he word “knottty”, which is uttered by
Melman when he saw the condition of the elephant’s trunk, actually refers to two
different meanings. The first is the actual meaning of the word heard, “knotty”, in
which referring to Webster’s Dictionary Thesaurus means something is in a messy or tangled condition p.208
. The second meaning refers to “naughty” which has similar pronunciation to the word “knotty”. The way the word “knotty”
and “naughty” pronounced is merely similar. The word “knotty” is pronounced noti, and “naughty” is pronounced n t’i. Therefore, the word “knotty” is
considered as paronymy. The tendency reveals that throughout the dialogue paronymy is used not
only to give humorous effect but also to conceal harsh swearing words to develop the atmosphere of child friendly movie. There are 9 of 32 data or 39 of all
paronymy data which confirm that the data show the similarity of the linguistic structures in phonetic or orthographical level of swearing words. The data are
datum number 12.08Pn002; 14.34Pn005; 16.07Pn006; 17.34Pn007; 36.04Pn012;
37.04Pn013; 47.31Pn021
;
01.05.58Pn022
; and
01.10.58Pn023. Not only does paronymy exploit similarity of linguistic structures in
phonetic or orthographical levels, but it deals with other aspects especially cultural issues. Cultural related issues which can lead to the exploitation of
paronymy are word, phrase or sentence which refer to native cultural specific
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terms or issue, saying in the source language; and specific group or event in the native country.
The example of paronymy puns which is derived from cultural specific terms is datum number 41.55Pn019.
Makunga: As your new leader, I hereby banish Alakay He shall wear this Hat of Shame...
...and leave the watering hole for a thousand years, or life In the watering hole area, the animals had a tradition that when an animal
lost in the fight of the rite passage ceremony, he or she would not be accepted in the community and had to leave the area. Makunga uttered the expression to
banish Alakay from the animal reservation as Alakay was lost in the battle against Teetsi.
The pun “Hat of Shame” is drawn from “Hall of Fame”, a very famous spot in Hollywood where great actors and actresses with great achievement can
put their name on it. The pun “Hat of Shame” and its original phrase “Hall of Fame
” have similar sound but they have different meanings. “Hall of Fame” symbolizes a success or an achievement, while the pun “Hat of Shame” represents
the penalty for someone’s lost or failure. Therefore, the pun is considered as paronymy.
The example of paronymy puns which refer to sayings in the source language is datum number46.50Pn024.
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Melman : Dont worry, you can flirt around with Mr. Hot Pants after Im
gone Gloria
: Melman, why am I the parade and youre the rain? Melman
: Why are you driving your parade under my rain? Gloria
: Maybe Ill parade in another part of town Melman said the sentence because he felt disappointed as Gloria was
going to have a date with Moto-moto while he was dying from the witch doctor illness. At the same time, Melman also felt jealous for actually he had a crush to
Gloria. O n the other hand, Gloria was annoyed by Melman’s utterance. Gloria
thought that all of his friends, including Melman, should have felt happy for her. Those reasons made Melman and Gloria got involved in a conflict.
Th e sentence “Maybe Ill parade in another part of town” is the
continuance of the previous sentence “Melman, why am I the parade and youre the rain?
” which is drawn from the saying “To parade under someone’s rain.” The similarity of the sentence
“Maybe Ill parade in another part of town” to the saying,
lays on the words „parade’. Though the similarity only lays on one word, the audience can recognize the similarity as the previous sentences between
Melman and Gloria also contain puns which are derived from the saying. Therefore, the sentence “Maybe Ill parade in another part of town” can be
classified into paronymy. The example of paronymy puns which refers to specific group or event in
the native country is datum number 30.23Pn011.
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Tourist : You are one tough cookie. Nana : Brownies Troop 416, Yonkers.
In the first sequel of Madagascar, Nana had a fight with Alex and beat him up. In this second sequel, Nana met Alex and beat him up once more. The
tourists who saw it were amazed and admired her courage and spirit in fighting against Alex, considering that she was a senior citizen and Alex was a young and
strong lion . The tourist gave compliment by saying “You are one tough cookie.”,
and Nana explained that she became a tough woman since in her young ages she joined the brownies troop community.
The sentence spoken by Nana “Brownies Troop 416, Yonkers.” is drawn from the name of a very famous Boy Scout community namely Boy Scout
America 416 or known as Boy Scout Troop 416. Troop 416 was formed in 2000 to serve the community with road cleanups, food drives, and various other
activities www. bsa416.org.
As the result, the sentence “Brownies Troop 416, Yonkers
” can be categorized as paronymy pun.
Several paronymy puns in the movie dialogue are derived from the previous dialogue. They occurs when the previous dialogue of one character are
being misheard by another character in the movie. The examples are data number 16.45Pn007, and 01:12:47Pn028.
Datum number 16.45Pn007. Alex : How are you gonna fix this?
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Skipper: Grit, spit and a whole lot of duct tape. We should be up and running in, say, six to nine months.
Alex : Sixty-nine months? Skipper: No, six to nine months.
The visual of the movie showed a scene where Alex was wondering how long the penguin would repair the plane after the plane had crash landing.
Therefore, Skipper said “We should be up and running in, say, six to nine
months.” However, as Alex got panic, he misheard Skipper’s sentence. To confirm what he had heard, he uttered “Sixty-nine months?”
In the movie, the scene showed that Alex was in panic as he wanted to go home to New York while the plane had crash landing in a place which is certainly
not New York. As he got panic, he was not fully engaged to the conversation and misheard what Skipper said. When Sk
ipper said “six to”, Alex thought that it was “sixty”. The pronunciation of “six to” is similar to the pronunciation of “sixty”
however, the words six to and sixty have totally different meanings. Therefore, the pun can be categorized as paronymy.
Datum number 01:12:47Pn028. Alex:
she’s got a gun Get out while we can Pass it on Monkey:
He said lets have some fun and take out the dam. Marty:
Skipper Alex wants to take out the dam. Skipper:
All right But its his funeral
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The scene showed that Alex was trying to get away from the dam and Nana, who intended to cook him into a lion casserole. His friends came to rescue
him by throwing down a bucket which was tied to an airplane, where he could get on to, yet he was trapped in the bucket. Therefore, Alex tried to give instructions
to take them away from that place by saying “She’s got a gun”. However, what he has said wa
s misheard by the monkeys into “Let’s have some fun”. As a consequence, his friends who are on the plane got the wrong message and took a
wrong action. By saying the senten
ce “She’s got a gun”, Alex tried to warn everyone that Nana was holding a weapon. Alex was in the bucket, and the monkeys tried to
help passing the message to his friends on the airplane. What Alex has said was misheard by the
monkeys so that they said “Let’s have some fun” instead of “She’s got a gun”. Though not identical, the two sentences are similar in their
pronunciation. Therefore, the pun can be classified as paronymy. Below is a table which lists down the paronymy found in the dialogue.
Table 4. 2. Paronymy Puns
No No of Data
Data
1. 09.15Pn001
King Julien: Hes carrying scissors and hand cream
2. 12.08Pn002
Melman: Darn it
3. 12.42Pn003
King Julien: - In-flight slave.
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4. 13.38Pn004
Skipper; Dont look, doll. This might get hairy.
5. 14.34Pn005
Marty: - The horror
6. 16.07Pn006
Gloria: What in the world?
7.
16.45Pn007 Alex:
Sixty-nine months?
8. 17.34Pn008
Gloria: How in the hell-o will they fix this plane?
9. 25.40Pn009
Marty: - Its one for all...
Zebra herd:
- And all for all, yall
10. 28.32Pn010
Skipper: Operation Tourist Trap is a go.
11. 30.23Pn011
Nana: Brownies Troop 416, Yonkers.
12. 30.35Pn012
Nana:
Im too old to die.
13.
35.39Pn013 Mort:
No, shark, no Sit
14.
35.53Pn014 Kowalski:
- Six to nine years.
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15. 36.04Pn015
Kowalski: Darn you, Darwin
16. 37.04Pn016
Monkey: All right, but youre so darn ugly.
17. 37.14Pn017
Alex: Remember, little cub scouts,
18. 39.26Pn018
Alex: Come on, little tsetse fly.
19. 41.55Pn019
Makunga: He shall wear this Hat of Shame...
20.
43.40Pn020 Someones been knotty.
21. 46.07Pn021
Alex: It is lackin in the crackin, my friend.
22. 46.50Pn022
Gloria: Melman, why am I the parade and youre the rain?
23. 46.50Pn023
Melman: Why are you driving your parade under my rain?
24. 46.50Pn024
Gloria: Maybe Ill parade in another part of town
25. 47.31Pn025
Marty: What the heck is going on?
26. 01.05.58Pn026
Marty: Oh, snap I just used my last stick this morning
27. 01.10.58Pn027
Tourist guide: What the heck?
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28.
01:12:47Pn028 Monkey:
He said lets have some fun and take out the dam.
29.
01:12:47Pn029 Monkey:
Basset hound.
30.
01:13:45Pn030 Monkey:
They say no pull up. Kill us.
31.
01:13:45Pn031 Monkey:
Theres no other way.
32.
01:13:45Pn032 Monkey:
Basset hound.
b. Homonymy
It is mentioned in the second chapter that Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics defines homonymy as a type of lexical ambiguity
involving two or more different words Bussman, 1996:210. Schroter also delivers a definition that homonymy is the relationship between two or more
linguistics structures that are formally identical, both in spelling and sound, but have divergent meanings 2005:168.
There are 5 numbers or 12,5 of all data found in the movie which can be classified as homonymy. Homonymy is employed throughout the dialogue to add
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a humorous atmosphere to the movie. Following are the examples that show the application of homonymy in the dialogue. The puns are underlined.
Datum number
11.32Hn001.
Alex: It was incredible. I think itll seem more fun the further we are from it. Marty: Like when you bit me on the butt?
Alex: Im gonna take that thing youre holding onto and use it onstage. Its all part of my little actors salad bar of emotional tidbits.
Marty: Are the butts next to the croutons? Alex and Marty were discussing a situation where Alex got crazy because
of his hunger and bit Marty’s butt. The scene referred to the first sequel of
Madagascar in which the visual showed that Alex was terribly hungry and had a hallucination tha
t Marty’s butt was a fresh meat steak. Therefore, Alex bit Marty’s butt. Marty tried to remind Alex to this moment in a cynical way. When Alex
said “It’s all part of my little actor’s salad bar of emotional tidbits”, Marty replied
it “Are the butts next to the croutons?”
Alex intended to cover his action in the past by saying that when he bit Marty’s butt he was just acting to do so. However, Marty disbelieved him, and in
a cynical way he said “Are the butts next to the croutons?” as the reply of Alex’s
sentence “It’s all part of my little actor’s salad bar of emotional tidbits”. In saying the sentence, Alex defined
actor’s salad bar as a skill to act in various character in which
an actor should have. However, Marty’s cynical expression showed that he
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defined actor’s salad bar as a bar of dishes where generally salad and crouton are
served. Therefore, the phrase “actor’s salad bar” is categorized as homonymy.
Datum number
44.12Hn003.
Melman: So this Witch Doctors Disease is a real thing? Giraffe: Youll find a cure. Youve got at least 48 hours
Melman: But Ive never heard of it. I mean... I dont have any penicillin. Ill need a
CAT scan just to get started
Giraffe: Have a lion look you over. Theyd be happy to. Melman’s new friends informed that Melman has spots on his shoulder.
The symptom was just the same with the previous witch doctor’s symptom that
got dying of the illness. This information made him got panic as Melman was being in a place with minimum health facilities. As he got panic he started to
mumble that he needed
to have a health scanning by saying “Ill need a CAT scan just to get started” When Melman uttered the sentence “Ill need a CAT scan just
to g et started” his new friends saw this as a funny thing, as in Africa, health
facilities were so minimum. Therefore, they suggested Melman to have the lion as one of species member of cat family, to check him.
From the conversation, it can be inferred that Melman refered CAT scan as one kind of health check up scanning, an abbreviation of computer-assisted
tomography scan, whereas his friends ’ reply showed that they made joke of it by
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referring CAT scan as a scanning which is done by a cat. Subsequently, the word “CAT” is classified as homonymy.
Of all homonymy data that can be found throughout the dialogue, none of the homonymy is applied in form of sentence. All data shows that homonymy is
employed only on word or phrase level. There are three data showing that homonymy is applied on word level. The examples are datum number
44.12Hn003
;
45.35Hn004
; and
01.08.58Hn005. Two data showing that homonymy being employed on phrase level are datum number 11.32Hn001 and
36.29Hn002. Below, is the table of homonymy found in the dialogue.
Table 4. 3.Homonymy Pun
No No of Data
Data
1. 11.32Hn001
Alex; Its all part of my little actors salad bar of emotional tidbits
2. 36.29Hn002
Skipper: Well, Ill be a monkeys uncle.
3. 44.12Hn003
Melman:
Ill need a CAT scan just to get started
4. 45.35Hn004
Skipper; Looks impressive,
Kowalski, but will it fly?
5. 01.08.58Hn005 Monkey:
The plane wont be fixed until the suits meet our demands.
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c. Polysemy
As it is discussed in the second chapter, the definition of polysemy is a clash of orthographically and phonetically identical structures with divergent
meanings and etymologically connected Schr ter, 2005: 181. Schr ter states that puns can be categorized as polysemy when they have semantic link between
the core items which readily established without the assistance of additional information. As an addition, Bussman states that polysemy is an expression which
has two or more definitions with some common features that are usually derived from a single basic meaning 1996:210
There are 3 data or 7,5 of all data which exploit polysemy in order to give humorous sense to the dialogue. Below is the discussion of an example of
polysemy found in the movie. The pun is underlined. Datum number
25.09Ps00.
Zuba: Hey, everybody I just found out that my son is a doggone king The King of New York Show me some of your moves, son. Dont be bashful.
Alex: All right. This one always knocks em dead. Roar Zuba was so happy to find his lost son. Moreover, he was extremely proud
of his son as his son was the king of New York. Therefore, to announce that Alex was a king and to express his proud in front of his people, he loudly shouted
“The king of New York
”.
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Zuba shouted out the sentence as he thought that Alex was a king in a place named New York, while actually, Alex was the main attraction in a zoo
namely New York Zoo, so that the New York Zoo visitors named Alex as the King of New
York. The word “king” shared different meanings and senses when it was uttered by Alex and Zuba. However, it shares the similar value being a
leader of certain place or a massive gro up. The word “New York” also had
divergent meaning when it was said by Zuba and Alex. Alex referred the word to his residence, New York Zoo. On the other hand, Zuba simply thought that New
York was a region similar to the animal reservation area in Africa. Subsequently, the sentence “The King of New York” can be classified as polysemy.
Below is the table of polysemy. Table 4. 4. Polysemy Puns
No Number of Data
Data
1. 25.09Ps001
Zuba: The King of New York
2. 39.39Ps002
Teetsie: Not dance dance Fight
3. 01.05.50Ps003
Nana:
Youre a little tangled, arent you?
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55
B. Translation Technique
