PARTAI NASIONAL INDONESIA (PNI, Indonesian Nationalist Party).

1. Nationalist party founded by Sukarno and members of the Algemene Studieclub on 4 July 1927 with the name Perserikatan Nasional Indone- sia (Indonesian Nationalist Union) and becoming Partai Nasional In- donesia in May 1928. It aimed from the start at full independence and sought to represent Indonesians of all religious, ethnic, and class groups, though its support was strongest among the middle class and the abangan peasantry. It refused to seek membership of the Volksraad and in- stead aimed to build a mass following, claiming 10,000 members by 1929. Though smaller than Sarekat Islam (SI) had been, it alarmed the colonial government, which arrested and jailed Sukarno and his col- leagues in December 1929. The remnants of the party formally dissolved in April 1931. [0613, 0661, 0844]

2. The name PNI-Baru (New PNI) was given to the nationalist organ- ization Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia.

3. On 21 August 1945, immediately after the declaration of independence, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta announced the formation of a

PARTAI PERSATUAN PEMBANGUNAN • 325 single state party, generally called PNI-Staatspartij (State Party). It was

based on the cadre of the Jawa Hokokai and was intended to mobilize popular support for the Revolution. Internal divisions and hostility to its Japanese origins, however, made it unworkable, and it was dissolved on

31 August 1945, though some branches survived to join the PNI (defini- tion 4). [0661, 0643]

4. Formed in 1945 after the collapse of the PNI-Staatspartij, the PNI inherited the name of Sukarno’s prewar party but not Sukarno’s leader- ship. During the Revolution it became a broadly based party drawing support especially from the administrative elite and from the abangan peasantry on Java and containing a wide range of ideological view- points. Its leaders included conservative exponents of peace, order, and good administration; populist nationalists distrustful of the outside world and committed to improving welfare without promoting social conflict; and left-wing reformers willing to bring about radical social change. It summed up these views as Marhaenism or “proletarian nationalism.” The party took a radical, often anti-Western view on international affairs and opposed liberalism and individualism domestically. Under the prime ministership of Ali Sastroamijoyo, it became even more strongly en- trenched in the state bureaucracy and by a narrow margin won the largest vote in the 1955 elections. Already, however, the party had begun to lose peasant support as activity by the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) in rural areas developed, and some leaders approved of Sukarno’s Guided Democracy as a means to stop communist growth. During the early 1960s, with Ali as chairman and Surakhman (?–1968) as secretary, the party increasingly shifted to the Left, and in 1964 it adopted the Deklarasi Marhaenis , which maintained that Marhaenism was Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions.

After the Gestapu coup of 1965, the PNI was heavily purged of its left wing and in April 1970 the Semarang party boss, Hadisubeno Sosrower- doyo (1912–1971), formerly associated with the business activities of pres- ident Suharto, was imposed as party chairman. More than other surviving parties, the PNI suffered from the establishment of Golkar as a state party, for it was precisely the PNI’s bureaucratic base that Golkar seized. After a poor performance in the 1971 election, PNI was merged into the Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) in 1973. [0643, 0661, 0695, 1000]

PARTAI PERSATUAN PEMBANGUNAN (PPP, Unity Development Party). Formed on 5 January 1973 as a forced merger of the four legal Muslim parties, Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Parmusi), Persatuan

326 • PARTAI RAKYAT DEMOKRATIK

PARTAI NASIONAL INDONESIA (PNI, Indonesian Nationalist Party).