ROBERT CRIBB AUDREY KAHIN
SECOND EDITION
HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF
INDONESIA
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST Edited by Jon Woronoff
Asia
1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27.
2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out of print. See No. 48.
3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33.
4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991
5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47.
6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35.
7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991
8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992
9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51.
10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992
11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993
12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34.
13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36.
14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45.
15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995
16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995
17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995
18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995
19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42.
20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996
21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996
22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996. Out of Print. See No. 50.
23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997
24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997
Oceania
1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32.
2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39.
3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994
4. Papua New Guinea, by Ann Turner. 1994. Out of print. See No. 37.
5. New Zealand, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 1996
New Combined Series
25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997
26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Samaras- inghe. 1998
27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998
28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998
29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997. Out of print. See No. 47.
30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998
31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999
32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999
33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999
34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000
35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2001
36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001
37. Papua New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001
38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002
39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002
40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003
41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002
42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003
43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003
44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb with the assistance of Beth Dougherty. 2004
45. Saudi Arabia, 2nd ed., by J. E. Peterson. 2003
46. Nepal, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003
47. Afghanistan, 3rd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2003
48. Bangladesh, 3rd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 2003
49. Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov. 2004
50. Syria, 2nd ed., by David Commins. 2004
51. Indonesia, 2nd ed., by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. 2004
Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
Second Edition
Robert Cribb Audrey Kahin
Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the
Middle East, No. 51
The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2004
SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com
PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright © 2004 by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cribb, R. B. Historical dictionary of Indonesia / Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin.— 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; 51) Includes index. ISBN 0-8108-4935-6 (alk. paper)
1. Indonesia—History—Dictionaries. I. Kahin, Audrey. II. Title. III. Series. DS633 .C75 2004 959.8'003—dc22
∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America.
Contents
Editor’s Foreword vii Preface
ix Acknowledgments
xi Reader’s Note
xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations
xvii Maps
xxxi Chronology
xlv Introduction
lxiii THE DICTIONARY
1 Appendix A. Governors-General of the Netherlands Indies
463 Appendix B. Netherlands Ministers of the Colonies
467 Appendix C. Rulers of the Early States
473 Appendix D. Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia
477 Appendix E. Republic of Indonesia Officeholders
479 Appendix F. Parliamentary Strengths and Electoral
Performance of the Parties, 1945–1999 489 Bibliography
499 About the Authors
583
Editor’s Foreword
When the first edition of this volume appeared just over a decade ago, it would have seemed almost pointless to ask in which direction Indonesia would turn. Everything seemed perfectly clear. It had a political regime that was, if anything, too stable and an economy that was moving smartly ahead toward a secure status as a newly industrialized country. But now, with the damage caused by the Asian financial crisis and the uncertainty since the fall of Suharto, there are many questions to answer: political, economic, so- cial, and even religious. Will democracy take hold this time, or will insta- bility reign (unless the army intervenes again)? Will industrialization con- tinue and supplement weaker agricultural and mining sectors, and will the states leave more room for private enterprise? Will the many peoples, re- gions, and classes come together or splinter further? Will Islam cohabit comfortably with other religions, or will the appeal (or fear) of an Islamic state be too strong? This book cannot provide the answers, but it can cer- tainly elucidate the questions and give some idea of where Indonesia is headed at present. So it is of much greater interest for all those concerned about Indonesia, the Indonesians first and foremost, followed by the rest of Southeast Asia and the broader world as well.
This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Indonesia has been thoroughly updated and considerably expanded, partly to round out its overall coverage, and very much also to include information about the many things that have occurred meanwhile. It has a double advantage in ex- amining Indonesia as a country but also looking closely at its numerous components, without which nothing makes sense. Thus, while the chronol- ogy and introduction help us see the overall thrust, some of the most useful dictionary entries deal with the specific ethnic groups, islands, and regions, giving their history prior to the creation of the state of Indonesia and even prior to Dutch colonization. Others present the most notable leaders of all periods and important aspects of politics, economics, and social, cultural, This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Indonesia has been thoroughly updated and considerably expanded, partly to round out its overall coverage, and very much also to include information about the many things that have occurred meanwhile. It has a double advantage in ex- amining Indonesia as a country but also looking closely at its numerous components, without which nothing makes sense. Thus, while the chronol- ogy and introduction help us see the overall thrust, some of the most useful dictionary entries deal with the specific ethnic groups, islands, and regions, giving their history prior to the creation of the state of Indonesia and even prior to Dutch colonization. Others present the most notable leaders of all periods and important aspects of politics, economics, and social, cultural,
has the additional advantage of relating specific works to specific entries, so readers know where to seek further information. And the list of acronyms and abbreviations is virtually indispensable.
This book is the result of a joint effort. It is based on an excellent and much-admired first edition by Robert Cribb, who has written widely about Indonesian history and politics; was professor of Southeast Asian history at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia; and is now at Aus- tralian National University. It has been updated and expanded, while main- taining much of the original text, by Audrey Kahin, who was managing ed- itor of Southeast Asia Publications at Cornell University and coeditor, and then editor, of Indonesia. She has also written extensively on Indonesia, in- cluding several books, and is presently a freelance editor and writer.
What they both obviously share is an intense interest in the country, where they have traveled frequently and widely, and an ability to convey this interest to others. That may explain why this book is, among other things, written in a style that can be easily read by students while including
a wealth of information that is not readily available elsewhere, and cer- tainly not in such an accessible form.
Jon Woronoff Series Editor
Preface
The Historical Dictionary of Indonesia is intended primarily as a conve- nient reference tool for those whose studies or professional activities de- mand ready access to reliable information on Indonesia’s history to the present. The current edition is an updating and revision of the dictionary prepared by Dr. Robert Cribb and published in 1992. The major changes in the revised version are in the coverage of the last 15 years of Indonesia’s history, which have been the most turbulent experienced since the 1960s, or indeed perhaps since the transfer of sovereignty at the end of 1949. In or- der to devote the necessary space to the events of these years, I have felt it necessary to cut some items from the first edition of the dictionary that, al- though interesting and useful in themselves, are not of central importance for those seeking to understand the nature of contemporary Indonesia. The original dictionary contained an immense amount of valuable information on the history of Indonesia under the Netherlands East Indies Company (VOC) and the Dutch colonial government, and although it has been nec- essary to shorten some of these entries in order to keep the volume to a rea- sonable length, they provide such a useful treasure of information (particu- larly for English-speaking readers with little access to Dutch sources) that most of them have been retained.
The emphasis in the present edition is, however, on the late Suharto pe- riod and on the military, economic, and political forces that helped maintain its power but ultimately led to its downfall. It also covers the transfer of power to a new administration, the disorder and violence that has followed this change, and the often unsuccessful efforts by reformers to push for a new, more democratic state and society. In view of the fact that one of the major problems facing the governments of post-Suharto Indonesia is how to dismantle the centralized administrative structure that has characterized In- donesia since independence without this leading to disintegration, there is The emphasis in the present edition is, however, on the late Suharto pe- riod and on the military, economic, and political forces that helped maintain its power but ultimately led to its downfall. It also covers the transfer of power to a new administration, the disorder and violence that has followed this change, and the often unsuccessful efforts by reformers to push for a new, more democratic state and society. In view of the fact that one of the major problems facing the governments of post-Suharto Indonesia is how to dismantle the centralized administrative structure that has characterized In- donesia since independence without this leading to disintegration, there is
Although East Timor gained its independence in 1999, there are still several extensive entries dealing with that territory and its relations with Indonesia, for the Suharto regime’s invasion of East Timor in 1975 and the struggle leading to its ultimate liberation have had a profound effect on the recent history of the Republic of Indonesia.
Acknowledgments
In revising and updating this Dictionary, I have been indebted especially to Dr. Robert Cribb, who compiled the original dictionary and provided me with many of his notes and ideas for a revised version. I am also grateful to him for drawing the maps that appear here. Anyone wishing to follow the text more closely through its geographic context is advised to consult his Historical Atlas of Indonesia (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2000), which has be- come an indispensable reference for scholars working on Indonesian history.
I am grateful to Scott McCasland-Bodenstein for his computer assis- tance, to Margaret McCasland for helping me with the technical side of preparing the bibliography, to Kaja McGowen who provided useful advice, and to friends and family who have had to accept the fact that so much of my time over the past couple of years has been occupied in bringing this work to completion.
My thanks also go to Jon Woronoff, who has made useful suggestions and has been patient as I missed several deadlines, and the staff at Scare- crow Press, especially Kim Tabor and Andrew Yoder.
Audrey Kahin
Reader’s Note
Several changes have been made in the order of the components in the re- vised Historical Dictionary of Indonesia to bring it into line with other vol- umes in this series. The following is a brief guide to the main sections com- prising the dictionary.
After this reader’s note, there is a list of acronyms and abbreviations. This list is by no means exhaustive, as Indonesians seem to have an ongo- ing inclination to update and introduce acronyms into their language at a spectacular pace. It has also been necessary to retain many of the acronyms that were of importance in earlier decades of Indonesia’s history but are no longer in use. As in the first edition of the dictionary, I have followed the rule that where the acronymic origin of a word has become obscure (e.g., Gestapu, Masjumi, Fretilin, Golkar, and PRRI/Permesta), the entry appears under the acronym with a cross-reference from the full name. In the list of acronyms, as in the dictionary as a whole, cross-references to other dic- tionary entries are usually indicated by the use of bold type. I have at- tempted to maintain a consistent use of terminology both in the acronym and its translation. In using the dictionary, readers not familiar with an or- ganization’s full title or its English meaning will find these in this list.
In the chronology that follows the maps, as in most of the rest of the dic- tionary, the emphasis is on the more recent period rather than on the early history of the archipelago. The same chronological divisions are used here as in the historical section of the bibliography, so that it should be easy to refer to the literature relating to the different periods. As is the practice throughout the volume, bold type has been used to indicate a cross-refer- ence to the relevant dictionary entries.
The introduction has been expanded to provide a more detailed back- ground of Indonesia’s history, especially in the postindependence period, and give a broader context for the entries that follow.
xiv • READER’S NOTE As mentioned in the preface, the greatest change in the dictionary is in
its coverage of events of the past 15 years. The entries dealing with politi- cal and economic events of the Suharto era have also been expanded, and some of the coverage of colonial history and the Sukarno era condensed. There is more biographical data on people who have played an important role in these recent periods, especially in the political and economic fields. There is probably still inadequate coverage of the arts in Indonesia, and I hope the bibliographical entries in the section on Indonesian culture will lead readers to explore the field more deeply for themselves.
Again, as throughout the volume, cross-references are indicated by bold type. I have also continued Dr. Cribb’s practice of numbering the items in the bibliography and noting the number of the relevant bibliographic item within square brackets at the end of most of the dictionary entries. These references are not exhaustive, but they provide an easy way for the reader to find works on which the entry is based and suggestions for further read- ing on the topic.
The bibliography has been expanded to include a selection of the volu- minous literature that has appeared on Indonesia over the past 12 years, and it has been necessary to remove some of the earlier, more ephemeral works in order to make room for them. A more extensive introduction to the bib- liography appears immediately preceding it.
As Dr. Cribb noted in his preface to the original dictionary, all works on Indonesian history require an explanation for the spelling. General entries in the dictionary use modern Indonesian spelling (ejaan yang disempu- rakan [EYD], or perfected spelling; see INDONESIAN LANGUAGE). Until 1973, Indonesian words followed Dutch spelling conventions, most notable of which were the use of tj for the English sound ch, j for y, oe for u, dj for j, and sj for sh, although in the early independence period, some of these conventions had already changed, especially a more common use of u instead of oe. The Indonesian spelling reform of 1973, which attempted to harmonize usage in Malay and Indonesian, generally brought these spellings closer to English-language usage. The major changes were for j now to be rendered as y, tj as c, dj as j, nj as ny, and ch as kh. The greatest confusion with these changes in spelling comes with the rendering of per- sonal names and names of organizations. I have generally followed the con- vention of retaining the original spelling of names of people or organiza- tions that ceased to exist before the introduction of the spelling changes, while in all other personal names the spelling generally used is either that preferred by, or most commonly employed in referring to, the person. (See also entry on NAMES.)
READER’S NOTE • xv Contemporary Indonesian terminology and spelling are used for place
names: thus Kalimantan and Sulawesi, not Borneo and Celebes, although the common English spelling of Sumatra and Java is used instead of the In- donesian Sumatera and Jawa. The recently introduced Papua has been used for Indonesian Western New Guinea, previously known as Irian Jaya (and before that, Irian Barat), as this is now its official name and the name most Papuans prefer, although it is still unclear whether it will be retained in of- ficial Indonesian usage.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Note: The headings under which the terms appear in the dictionary are set in bold type.
ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia. AD Angkatan Darat, Army. AH Anno hijrae, Muslim year. See CALENDARS.
AJ Anno Javanicae, Javanese year. See CALENDARS. ALRI
Angkatan Laut Republik Indonesia, Navy of the Re- public of Indonesia. AMS
Algemene Middelbare School, General Secondary
School. See EDUCATION.
ANETA Algemene Nieuws en Telegraaf Agentschap, General News and Telegraph Agency. See NEWS AGEN- CIES.
APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
APODETI Associação Populár Democrática Timorense, Timo- rese Popular Democratic Association. APRIS
Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat, Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Indonesia. See ARMY.
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASPRI
Asisten Presiden Republik Indonesia, assistants to the president of the Republic of Indonesia. See MALARI.
AURI Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia, Air Force of the Republic of Indonesia. BABINSA
Bintara Pembina Desa, NCOs for Village Develop- ment. See DWIFUNGSI.
xviii • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BAIS
Badan Intelijen Strategis, Strategic Intelligence Body. See INTELLIGENCE. BAKIN
Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara, State Intelli-
gence Coordinating Agency.
BAKORSTANAS Badan Koordinasi Bantuan Pemantapan Stabilitas Nasional, Coordinating Body to Assist in Maintain- ing National Security.
BAPERKI
Badan Permusyawaratan Kewarga Negaraan In-
donesia, Consultative Body of Indonesian Citizenship. BAPINDO
Bank Pembangunan Indonesia, Indonesian Develop- ment Bank. BAPPEDA
Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Regional
Development Planning Board.
BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Na- tional Development Planning Board. BB Binnenlandsch Bestuur, literally, administration of the interior, the European bureaucracy of the Netherlands Indies.
Berdikari Berdiri atas kaki sendiri, to stand on one’s own feet. See ETYMOLOGY. BFO
Bijeenkomst voor Federale Overleg, Federal Consulta- tive Meeting. See FEDERALISM. BIA
Badan Intelijen ABRI, Armed Forces Intelligence
Agency. See INTELLIGENCE.
BIMAS Bimbingan Massal, mass guidance. See GREEN REV- OLUTION. BKKBN
Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana Nasional, Na- tional Family Planning Coordinating Body. See FAMILY PLANNING.
BKR Badan Keamanan Rakyat, People’s Security Organiza- tion. See ARMY. BKS
Badan Kerja Sama, Cooperative Bodies. BNI
Bank Negara Indonesia, Indonesian National Bank. See BANKING. BPK
Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, State Audit Board. See CONSTITUTIONS. BPM
Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij, Batave Petroleum Company. See “KONINKLIJKE”; OIL. BPS
Badan Pendukung Sukarnoisme, Body to Support Sukarnoism.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xix BPS
Biro Pusat Statistik, Central Statistical Bureau; also Badan Pusat Statistiek, Central Statistical Body. See STATISTICS.
BPUPKI
Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan
Indonesia, Investigatory Body for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence.
BTC Banking and Trading Corporation. See STATE EN- TERPRISES. BTI
Barisan Tani Indonesia, Indonesian Peasants’ Front. Bulog
Badan Urusan Logistik Nasional, National Logisti- cal Supply Organization. CCP
Chinese Communist Party. See CHINA, RELATIONS WITH. CGI
Consultative Group on Indonesia.
CIDES Center for Information and Development Studies. See IKATAN CENDEKIAWAN MUSLIM INDONESIA. CONEFO
Conference of the New Emerging Forces. See NEKOLIM. CSIS
Centre for Strategic and International Studies. DI
Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, Indonesian Is- lamic Preaching Council. See ISLAM IN INDONE- SIA.
DEKON Deklarasi Ekonomi, Economic Declaration. See GUIDED ECONOMY. DEPLU
Departemen Luar Negeri, Department of Foreign Af-
fairs. See FOREIGN POLICY.
DGI Dewan Gereja Indonesia, Indonesian Council of Churches. See PROTESTANTISM. DI Darul Islam, House of Islam. DIY
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Special Territory of Yo- gyakarta. See YOGYAKARTA. DKI
Daerah Khusus Ibukota, Special Capital Territory. See JAKARTA. DPA
Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, Supreme Advisory Council. DPN
Dewan Pertahanan Negara, State Defense Council. DPR
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, People’s Representative Council. DPR-D
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, People’s Represen- tative Council local assemblies.
xx • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DPR-GR
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong, mutual self-help. DPR-S
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara, provisional. DRET
Democratic Republic of East Timor. Drs
Doctorandus. See TITLES. Dt
Datuk. See TITLES. DVG
Dienst voor Volksgezondheid, Public Health Service. See HEALTH. EB Europees Bestuur, European administration. See BIN-
NENLANDSCH BESTUUR. EC European Community. ELS
Europese Lagere School, European Lower School. See EDUCATION. EYD
Ejaan yang disempurnakan, perfected spelling. See
INDONESIAN LANGUAGE.
FALINTIL Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor, Armed Forces for the National Liberation of Timor. See FRETILIN.
FBSI Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, All-Indonesia Fed- eration of Labor. See LABOR UNIONS. FDI
Foreign direct investment. See INVESTMENT, FOR- EIGN. FDR
Front Demokrasi Rakyat, People’s Democratic Front.
FRETILIN
Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste Independente, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor. FSPSI
Federasi Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, Federation of All-Indonesia Workers’ Associations. See LA- BOR UNIONS.
FUII Front Umat Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Muslim Com- munity Front. G/30/S
Gerakan Tiga Puluh September, 30 September Move- ment. See GESTAPU. GAM
Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, Independent Aceh Movement. See ACEH. GANEFO
Games of the New Emerging Forces. See NEKOLIM. GAPI
Gabungan Politik Indonesia, Indonesian Political Federation. GBHN
Garis Besar Haluan Negara, Broad Outlines of State Policy. See MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN RAKYAT.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xxi GDP
Gross domestic product. GERINDO
Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia, Indonesian People’s Movement. GERWANI
Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Women’s Movement.
GESTAPU
Gerakan September Tiga Puluh, September 30 Move- ment. GHS
Geneeskundige Hogeschool, Medical School. See ED- UCATION. GKI
Gereja Kristen Injil di Tanah Papua, Papuan Church of the Christian Gospel. See PAPUA.
GOLKAR
Golongan Karya, Functional Groups. HAM
Hak Azasi Manusia, human rights.
HANKAM Pertahanan dan Keamanan, (Department of) Defense and Security. See ARMED FORCES. HANSIP
Pertahanan Sipil, Civil Defense. See ARMED FORCES. HBS
Hogere Burger School, Higher Civil School. See ED- UCATION. HCS
Hollands-Chinese School, Dutch Chinese School. See EDUCATION. HIR
Herziene Inlands Reglement, Revised Native Regula- tions. See LAW. HIS
Hollands-Inlandse School, Dutch Native School. See EDUCATION. HKTI
Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia, Association of Indonesian Peasant Leagues. See LABOR UNIONS. HMI
Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, Muslim Students’ As- sociation. HNSI
Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia, All Indonesia Fishermen’s Association. See LABOR UNIONS. HVK
Hoge Vertegenwoordiger van de Kroon, high represen- tative of the Crown. See GOVERNOR-GENERAL. IAIN
Institut Agama Islam Negeri, State Islamic Religious Institute. See EDUCATION, ISLAMIC. IBRA
Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency. See BANKING. ICMI
Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia, All Indone- sia League of Muslim Intellectuals. IEV
Indo-Europees Verbond, Indo-European Union. See INDO-EUROPEANS.
xi • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IGGI
Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia. IMET
International Military Education and Training Pro- gram. See UNITED STATES, RELATIONS WITH. IMF
International Monetary Fund. INDRA
Indonesian Debt Restructuring Agency. See DEBT, FOREIGN.
INPRES
Instruksi Presiden, presidential instruction. IPKI
Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia, League of the Supporters of Indonesian Indepen- dence.
Ir Ingenieur. See TITLES. ISDV
Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging, Indies
Social Democratic Association.
JABOTABEK Jakarta-Bogor-Tanggerang-Bekasi. See JAKARTA. JI
Jemaah Islamiah, Islamic community. See ISLAM IN INDONESIA, ISLAMIC STATE. KABIR
Kapitalis birokrat, bureaucratic capitalist. See CLASS ANALYSIS. KADIN
Kamar Dagang dan Industri, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. KAMI
Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia, Indonesian Students’ Action Front. KAMMI
Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia, National Front of Indonesian Muslim Students. KAPPI
Kesatuan Aksi Pemuda dan Pelajar Indonesia, Indone- sian Youth and School Students Action Front. See KESATUAN AKSI MAHASISWA INDONESIA.
KASAD Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat, army chief of staff. See ARMY. KASI
Kesatuan Aksi Sarjana Indonesia, Indonesian Gradu- ates’ Action Front. KKN
Kolusi, Korupsi, dan Nepotisme, corruption, collu- sion, and nepotism. KNI
Komite Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Committee. KNIL
Koninklijk Nederlandsch Indisch Leger, Royal Netherlands Indies Army. KNILM
Koninklijk Nederlands-Indische Luchtvaartmaatschap- pij, Royal Netherlands Indies Air Company. See AIR SERVICES.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xxiii KNIP
Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat, Central Indone- sian National Committee. KNPI
Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia, Indonesian Na- tional Youth Committee. KODAM
Komando Daerah Militer, Regional Military Com- mand. See DEFENSE POLICY; DWIFUNGSI. KOGA
Komando Siaga, Readiness Command. See KO- MANDO OPERASI TERTINGGI. KOGAM
Komando Ganyang Malaysia, Crush Malaysia Com- mand. See KOMANDO OPERASI TERTINGGI. KOKAR
Korps Karyawan, Employees’ Corps. See KORPS PE- GAWAI REPUBLIK INDONESIA. KOMNAS HAM Komisi Nasional Hak Azasi Manusia. National Com-
mittee for Human Rights.
KOPASSANDHA Komando Pasukan Sandi Yudha, Secret Warfare Com- mando Unit. See KOMANDO PASUKAN KHUSUS.
KOPASSUS Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Commando Unit. KOPKAMTIB
Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan
Ketertiban, Operational Command for the Restora- tion of Security and Order.
KORPRI Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia, Government Officials Corps of the Republic of Indonesia.
KOSGORO
Koperasi Serba Guna Gotong Royong, Multipurpose Cooperative for Gotong Royong.
KOSTRAD
Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat, Army Strategic Reserve. KOTI
Komando Operasi Tertinggi, Supreme Operational Command. KOTOE
Komando Tertinggi Operasi Ekonomi, Supreme Oper- ational Command for the Economy. See DWI- FUNGSI.
KOWILHAN Komando Wilayah Pertahanan, Regional Defense Commands. See DEFENSE POLICY. KPM
Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij, Royal Packet Service Company. KPU
Komisi Pemilihan Umum, General Elections Commit- tee. See ELECTIONS. KRISMON
Monetary crisis. See FINANCIAL CRISIS.
xxiv • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS KUHAP
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, proce- dural code for criminal law. See LAW. KUHP
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, criminal code. See LAW. LBH
Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, Legal Aid Bureau. See LE- GAL AID SERVICES. LEKRA
Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat, Institute for People’s Culture. LEMHANNAS
Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, National Defense Insti-
tute. See DEFENSE POLICY.
LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Indonesian Academy of Sciences. LKBN
Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional, National News Agency Institute. See ANTARA. LKBN
Lembaga Keluarga Berencana Nasional, National Fam- ily Planning Institute. See FAMILY PLANNING. LKMD
Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa, Institute for Village Community Resilience. See DESA. LMD
Lembaga Musyawarah Desa, Village Consultative Council. See DESA. LNG
Liquefied natural gas. See GAS.
MAHMILLUB Mahkamah Militer Luar Biasa, Extraordinary Mili- tary Tribunal.
MALARI
Malapetaka 15 Januari, Disaster of 15 January. MANIKEBU
Manifes Kebudayaan, Cultural Manifesto. MANIPOL
Manifesto Politik, Political Manifesto. MAPHILINDO Malaya, Philippines, and Indonesia.
MASJUMI
Madjelis Sjuro Muslimin Indonesia, Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims. MIAI
Majelis Islam A’laa Indonesia, Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia. MMI
Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, Council of Indonesian Defenders of the Faith. See ISLAMIC STATE. MONAS
Monumen Nasional, National Monument. See JAKARTA. MPR (S)
Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (Sementara), (Provisional) People’s Deliberative Assembly. Mr
Meester in de Rechten. See TITLES.
MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Council of Indonesian Is- lamic Scholars. See ISLAM IN INDONESIA.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xxv MULO
Meer Uitgebreide Lagere Onderwijs, Broader Lower
Education. See EDUCATION.
NASAKOM
Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunisme; nationalism, reli- gion, communism. NEFIS
Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service. See POLI- TIEK INLICHTINGEN DIENST. NEFO
New Emerging Forces. See NEKOLIM.
NEKOLIM
Neo-Kolonialis dan Imperialis, neocolonialists and im- perialists. NGO
Nongovernmental organization. NHM
Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Netherlands Trading Company. NIAS
Nederlands-Indische Artsenschool, Netherlands Indies Doctors’ School. See HEALTH. NICA
Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. NII
Negara Islam Indonesia. See DARUL ISLAM. NIROM
Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij, Netherlands Indies Radio Broadcasting Company. See RADIO.
NIT Negara Indonesia Timur, State of East Indonesia. NTB
Nusatenggara Barat, Western Lesser Sundas. NTT
Nusatenggara Timur, Eastern Lesser Sundas. NU
Nahdlatul Ulama, Revival of the Religious Scholars. OLDEFO
Old Established Forces. See NEKOLIM. OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See OIL. OPM
Organisasi Papua Merdeka, Free Papua Movement. OPSUS
Operasi Khusus, Special Operations. ORBA
Orde Baru, New Order. ORI
Oeang (i.e., Uang) Republik Indonesia, currency of the Indonesian Republic. ORMAS
Organisasi Massa, mass organizations. OSVIA
Opleidingsschool voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren, Training School for Native Officials. See EDUCA- TION.
PAI Persatuan Arab Indonesia, Indonesian Arab Union. See ARABS. PAN
Partai Amanat Nasional, National Mandate Party. PANGAB
Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata, commander in chief of the armed forces. See ARMED FORCES.
xxvi • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
PANGESTU
Paguyuban Ngèsti Tunggal, Association for Striving
towards Harmony with God.
PARAS Partai Rakyat Sosialis, Socialist People’s Party. See PARTAI SOSIALIS. PARI
Partai Republik Indonesia, Party of the Indonesian Re-
public. See TAN MALAKA.
PARINDRA Partai Indonesia Raya, Greater Indonesia Party. PARKINDO
Partai Kristen Indonesia, Indonesian Christian Party. PARMUSI
Partai Muslimin Indonesia, Indonesian Muslims’ Party. PARSI
Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party. See PARTAI SOSIALIS. PARTINDO
Partai Indonesia, Indonesia Party.
PBB Partai Bulan Bintang (Moon and Stars Party). PBI
Partai Buruh Indonesia, Indonesian Labor Party. PBI
Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia, Association of the In- donesian People. PDI
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, Indonesian Democratic Party. PDI-P
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia—Perjuangan, Indone- sian Democratic Party of Struggle. PDRI
Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia, Emer- gency Government of the Republic of Indonesia. PELNI
Perusahaan Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Shipping Company. See SHIPPING. PEMILU
Pemilihan Umum, general elections. See ELECTIONS. PEPUSKA
Pemilikan Pusat Kapal-Kapal, Central Shipowning
Authority. See SHIPPING.
PERMESTA Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam, Universal Struggle Charter. See PRRI/PERMESTA REBELLION. PERSIS
Persatuan Islam, Islamic Union.
PERTAMINA
Perusahaan Tambang Minyak Nasional, National Oil
and Gas Mining Corporation.
PERTI Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah, Islamic Education Association. PESINDO
Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Youth. PETA
Pembela Tanah Air, Defenders of the Homeland.
PETRUS
Pembunuhan/ Penembakan Misterius, mysterious killings/shootings.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xxvii PI
Perhimpunan Indonesia, Indonesian Association. PID
Politiek Inlichtingen Dienst, Political Intelligence Service. PIR
Persatuan Indonesia Raya, Greater Indonesian Asso- ciation. PK
Partai Keadilan, Justice Party. PKB
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, Rise of the People Party. PKI
Partai Komunis Indonesia, Indonesian Communist Party. PKK
Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, Family Welfare Development. See DESA. PKN
Pakempalan Kawula Ngayogyakarta, Yogyakarta People’s Party. PKP
Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan, Justice and Unity Party.
See PARTIES, POLITICAL.
PKRI Persatuan Katolik Republik Indonesia, Catholic Union of the Republic of Indonesia. See PARTAI KATOLIK.
PN Perusahaan Nasional, state enterprise. PNI
Partai Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Party. PNI-Baru
New PNI. See PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL IN- DONESIA. PP
Persatuan Perjuangan, Struggle Union. PPBI
Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Indonesia, Indonesian Work- ers’ Struggle Center. See LABOR UNIONS. PPKI
Panitya Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence. See BADAN PENYELIDIK USAHA PERSIAPAN KE- MERDEKAAN INDONESIA.
PPKI Persatuan Politik Katolik Indonesia, Indonesian Catholic Political Union. See PARTAI KATOLIK. PPKJ
Pakempalan Politik Katolik Jawi, Political Association of Javanese Catholics. See PARTAI KATOLIK. PPMI
Persaudaraan Pekerja Muslim Indonesia, Indonesian Muslim Workers’ Brotherhood. See LABOR UNIONS.
PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Unity Develop- ment Party.
xxviii • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS PPPKI
Permufakatan Perhimpunan Politik Kebangsaan
Indonesia, Confederation of Indonesian Political Organizations.
PRC People’s Republic of China. See CHINA, RELA- TIONS WITH. PRD
Partai Rakyat Demokrasi, Democratic People’s Party. PRRI
Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia, Revolu- tionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia. See PRRI/PERMESTA REBELLION.
PSI Partai Sosialis Indonesia, Indonesian Socialist Party. PSII
Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, Indonesian Islamic Association Party. PT
Perusahaan Terbatas, limited liability company. PUSA
Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh, All-Aceh Ulama Asso- ciation. See ACEH. PUSKESMAS
Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, Center for Society’s Health (see HEALTH). PUTERA
Pusat Tenaga Rakyat, Center of the People’s Power. PWI
Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, Indonesian Reporters’ Association. See NEWSPAPERS. R.
Raden. See TITLES. R.A.
Raden Ajeng. See TITLES. REPELITA
Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun, Five-Year De- velopment Plan. RHS
Rechtshogeschool, law school. See EDUCATION. RIS
Republik Indonesia Serikat, Republic of the United States of Indonesia. RMS
Republik Maluku Selatan, Republic of the South Moluccas. RPKAD
Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat, Army
Paracommando Regiment.
RR Regeringsreglement, Government Regulating Act. See CONSTITUTIONS. RRI
Radio Republik Indonesia, Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. See RADIO. RUSI
Republic of the United States of Indonesia. See RE- PUBLIK INDONESIA SERIKAT.
SARA
Suku, Agama, Ras, Antar-golongan; ethnicity, religion, race, intergroup relations.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xxix SARBUPRI
Serikat Buruh Perkebunan Republik Indonesia, Union of Plantation Workers of the Republic of Indonesia. See SENTRAL ORGANISASI BURUH REPUB- LIK INDONESIA.
Satgas Papua Satuan Tugas Papua, Papua Task Force. See PAPUA. SBG
Serikat Buruh Gula, Sugar Workers’ Union. See SEN- TRAL ORGANISASI BURUH REPUBLIK IN- DONESIA.
SBSI Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia, Indonesian Pros- perous Workers’ Union. See LABOR UNIONS. SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
SESKOAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat, Army Staff and Command School. See ARMY. SH
Sarjana Hukum. See TITLES. SI
Sarekat Islam, Islamic Association.
SIT Surat Ijin Terbit, publication license. See CENSORSHIP. SIUPP
Surat Ijin Usaha Penerbitan Pers, permit to operate a press company. See CENSORSHIP. SMP
Satgas Merah Putih, Red and White Task Force. See PAPUA. SOBSI
Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, All- Indonesia Federation of Labor Organizations. SOKSI
Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Seluruh Indonesia, All- Indonesia Federation of Employee Organizations. SPSI
Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia, All Indonesia Workers’ Union. See LABOR UNIONS. St.
Sutan. See TITLES. STICUSA
Stichting voor Culturele Samenwerking, Institute for Cultural Cooperation. See LEMBAGA KEBU- DAYAAN RAKYAT.
STOVIA School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen, School for the Training of Native Physicians. See EDUCA- TION; HEALTH.
SUPERSEMAR Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret, Executive Order of 11 March. TABANAS
Tabungan Pembangunan Nasional, National Develop- ment Savings Scheme. See BANKING. TAPOL
Tahanan politik, political prisoners.
THS Technische Hogeschool, Institute of Technology. See EDUCATION.
xxx • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS TKR
Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, People’s Security Army. See ARMY. TNI
Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Indonesian National Army. See ARMED FORCES; ARMY. TPN
Tentara Pembebasan Nasional, National Liberation Army. See PAPUA. TRI
Tentara Republic Indonesia, Army of the Republic of Indonesia. See ARMY. TRIKORA
Tri Komando Rakyat, People’s Triple Command. See PAPUA. TRIP
Tentara Republik Indonesia Pelajar, Student Army of the Indonesian Republic. TRITURA
Tri Tuntutan Rakyat, Three Demands of the People. See KOMANDO AKSI MAHASISWA INDONE- SIA; MALARI.
TVRI Televisi Republik Indonesia, Television of the Repub- lic of Indonesia. See TELEVISION. UDT
União Democrática Timorense, Timorese Demo- cratic Union. USDEK
Undang-undang ’45, 1945 Constitution; Sosialisme a la Indonesia, Indonesian socialism; Demokrasi Ter- pimpin, guided democracy; Ekonomi Terpimpin, guided economy; and Kepribadian Indonesia, In- donesian identity. See MANIFESTO POLITIK.
UUD Undang-Undang Dasar, Constitution. See CONSTI- TUTIONS. VFR
Voorlopige Federale Regeering, Provisional Federal Government. See SUCCESSION. VOC
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, United East In- dies Company. See DUTCH EAST INDIES COM- PANY.
VSTP Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramweg Personeel, Union of Rail and Tramway Personnel. See LABOR UNIONS. ZOPFAN
Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality. See ASSOCI- ATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS.
Maps
Map 1: The Indonesian archipelago: main geographical features
Map 2: The Indonesian archipelago: traditional distribution of ethnic groups
Map 3: Java in the 16th and 17th centuries: the expansion of Mataram
Map 4: Indonesia in the 17th century: major states
Map 5: Dutch territorial expansion in Sumatra, 1817–1907
Map 6: Netherlands East Indies: administrative divisions in 1940
Map 7: Federal Indonesia, 1948–1949
Map 8: Indonesia: provinces and military regions, 1958–1959
Map 9: Indonesian provinces and their capitals, 1976–1999
Map 10: Golkar in the 1992 elections
Map 11: Indonesia: Oil and gas fields in production, 1994
Map 12: Indonesian provinces, 2003 (with new provincial capitals)
Chronology
Early History (to c. 1400)
1.9 million years ago Hominids Pithecanthropus and Meganthropus lived in Java (see PREHISTORY).
40,000 years ago Wajak Man (Homo sapiens) lived in Java. 15,000–8,000 years ago Sea levels rise, separating Java, Sumatra, and
Kalimantan from the Asian mainland and New Guinea from Australia.
c. 3000 B.C. Austronesian peoples begin moving into Indonesia from the Philippines (see MIGRATIONS).
c. 1000 B.C. Kerbau introduced to Indonesia.
c. 400 A.D. Hindu kingdoms of Tarumanegara and Kutai emerge in West Java and East Kalimantan.
c. 675 Rise of Srivijaya in Sumatra.
c. 732 Emergence of Mataram under Sanjaya.
c. 760 Construction of Sivaitic temples at Dieng.
c. 824 Construction of Borobudur begins.
c. 840 Construction of Prambanan begins. 860–c. 1000 Golden age of Srivijaya. Before 929 Political center of Java moves to East Java. 914–1080 First known Hindu kingdom on Bali. 1006 Srivijaya attacks Java.
xlvi • CHRONOLOGY 1019–c. 1045 Airlangga rules Java.
1023–1068 Chola raids on Sumatra.
c. 1045 According to legend, Airlangga divides his kingdom into Kediri
and Janggala. 1222 Ken Angrok founds Singasari. 1292 Civil war in Singasari; Jayakatwang kills Kertanegara; Mongol in-
vasion of Java. 1293 Wijaya founds kingdom of Majapahit and rules (1293–1309) as
Kertarajasa.
c. 1297 Sultan Malek Saleh of Pasai, first known Muslim ruler in the ar- chipelago.
c. 1330–1350 Adityavarman rules in Minangkabau. 1331–1364 Gajah Mada is prime minister of Majapahit. 1387 Founding of Banjarmasin.
Islamic States and the Expansion of the VOC: 1400–1800
1402 Kingdom of Melaka founded. 1406, 1408, 1410, 1414, 1418 Expeditions by Zheng He (Cheng Ho) to
Southeast Asia.
c. 1478 Demak becomes first Muslim state on Java. 1511 Portuguese seize Melaka. 1522 Portuguese build fort in Ternate. 1527 Sultanate of Demak defeats Majapahit. 1552–1570 Banten rises as independent state under Sultan Hasanuddin. 1570 Revolt against the Portuguese in Ternate. 1575–1601 Senopati rules Mataram. 1596 First Dutch ships under de Houtman arrive in Banten.
CHRONOLOGY • xlvii 1605 Dutch seize Ambon.
1607–1645 Rise of Aceh under Sultan Iskandar Muda. 1613–1645 Sultan Agung rules Mataram. 1619 Dutch establish base in Jayakarta (later Batavia). 1621 Dutch seize control of Banda islands. 1623 “Amboyna Massacre.” Mataram subjugates Gresik and Surabaya. 1629 Sultan Agung unsuccessfully attacks Batavia. 1641 Dutch capture Melaka from Portuguese. 1641–1675 Aceh ruled by Queen Taj al-Alam. 1663 Treaty of Painan establishes Dutch influence in Minangkabau. 1667 Makassar falls to Dutch and Bugis forces; Treaty of Bungaya;
Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) wins control of north coast of Java. 1671–1679 Revolt of Trunojoyo on Java. 1704–1708 First Javanese War of Succession. 1719–1723 Second Javanese War of Succession. 1723 Forced delivery of coffee to Dutch by regents of Priangan begins. 1740 Revolt of the Chinese in Batavia. 1746–1755 Third Javanese War of Succession. 1755 Treaty of Giyanti.
1778 Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen
founded. 1790–1820 Gold rush in West Kalimantan (see KONGSI WARS). 1795 Batavian Republic founded; first census conducted on Java. 1799 VOC bankrupt.
Colonial Rule and the Nationalist Movement: 1800–1942
1800 1 January: VOC Charter allowed to lapse; company properties taken over by the Dutch state.
xlviii • CHRONOLOGY 1803–1837 Paderi Wars in Central Sumatra.
1808–1811 Herman Willem Daendels governs the Dutch Indies. 1811 August–September: British conquest of Java. 1811–1816 Thomas Stamford Raffles is lieutenant-governor of Java. 1812 British seize Bangka and Belitung from Palembang. 1813 First land rent introduced; Sultanate of Banten abolished. 1815 Eruption of Tambora. 1816 Dutch restored to their Indonesian possessions. 1817 Botanical gardens at Bogor founded; revolt by Pattimura in Ambon. 1821 Cholera reaches Indonesia.
1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty; founding of Nederlandsche Handel
Maatschappij. 1825–1830 Java War. 1828 Dutch settlement at Lobo in Papua. 1830 Cultivation system introduced. 1846 Commercial coal mining begins in South Kalimantan. 1854 Revised Regeeringsreglement (Constitution) of the Netherlands
Indies promulgated. 1859–1863 War of Succession in Banjarmasin. 1863 Tobacco cultivation begins in East Sumatra. 1864 First railway established. 1870 Agrarian Law; start of Liberal Policy. 1871 Undersea telegraph cable laid between Java and Australia. 1873–1904 Aceh War. 1877 End of batig slot (budgetary surplus) transfers to Dutch treasury. 1878 Coffee plantations devastated by disease. 1880 Coolie Ordinance introduced.
CHRONOLOGY • xlix 1883 Eruption of Krakatau.
1886 First oil discovery at Pangkalan Brandan. 1888 Anticolonial uprising in Banten. 1891 Tooth of Java Man discovered in East Java. 1894 Dutch conquest of Lombok. 1901 Start of Ethical Policy. 1902 Transmigration begins. 1905 Dutch occupy Tapanuli, North Sumatra; decentralization measure
introduced in Dutch territories. 1905–1906 Dutch conquest of Bone. 1908 Budi Utomo founded; antitax rebellion in West Sumatra; Dutch
conquer southern Bali.
1910 Outbreak of bubonic plague on Java; Sarekat Islam and Indische
Partij founded. 1912 Muhammadiyah founded. 1914 Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereniging (Indies Social Dem-
ocratic Association) founded. 1916 Volksraad installed. 1917 Rebellion in Toraja land. 1918 Influenza pandemic. 1920 Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Indonesian Communist Party)
founded. 1923 Communists expelled from Sarekat Islam. 1925 November: Algemene Studieclub founded. 1926 November: Communist uprising in Banten; internment camp es-
tablished at Boven Digul. 31 December: Nahdlatul Ulama (NU, Revival of the Religious Scholars) founded.
1927 January: Communist uprising in West Sumatra. June: Tan Malaka
establishes Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI, Indonesian Republican establishes Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI, Indonesian Republican
tionalist Party) founded. 1928 October: Youth Pledge. 1929 December: Sukarno jailed. 1931 April: PNI dissolves itself; Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI,
Indonesian National Education; also called PNI-Baru, New PNI) and Par- tai Indonesia founded.
1933 February: Mutiny on the Zeven Provinciên. Mid: Dutch impose assembly ban (vergader verbod) on several political parties. August: Sukarno jailed and exiled.
1934 February: Hatta, Sjahrir, and other political leaders jailed and ex- iled.