43 can make changes within it. The researcher gained this criterion by giving chance
to the another research team member to deepen their understanding on the use of picture series in writing teaching and learning process through monitoring the
res earcher’s action and discussion.
5. Dialogic validity
This criterion connects the processes of peer review that is commonly used in academic research. The researcher gained this criterion by doing dialogues and
interviews with the English teacher and the students to evaluate the previous actions and determine the next actions.
To avoid subjectivity and get trustworthiness the researcher used Triangulation suggested by Denzin 1978 in Burns 1999. Triangulation is used
to get multiple perspective of the situation being studied. In this research the researcher used two kinds of triangulation. The first one was time triangulation
where the data collection was done at different points at time. In this research the data were collected at the beginning, middle and the end of the action. The second
one was researcher triangulation which the data were collected by another research team member. The result of the data from the teacher and students were
compared with the researcher own data to avoid the subjectivity in this research.
I. Procedure of the Research
The researcher applied action research procedures suggested by Kemmis and McTaggart 1988 in Burns 2010: 8 which has four important stages:
planning, action, observation, and reflection. Their concept can be seen in Figure 4.
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Figure 4: Cyclical action research model by Kemmis and McTaggart 1988
The figure above shows that there are four main steps in a cycle. Those steps are planning, action, observation, and reflection. The explanations of those
steps are described below.
1. Planning
There are several activities that the researcher did in this stage. Firstly, the researcher observed the teaching and learning process to find out the
problems faced by the teacher and the students. Secondly, the researcher interviewed the English teacher and some students of class VIII A to get more
information related to the problems and difficulties faced in the English teaching and learning. Then, based on the observation the researcher started to make
some plans to choose action which was possible to be implemented in the field. In this step, the researcher worked collaboratively with the English teacher of
grade VIII A in SMP Pembangunan Piyungan. The researcher prepared course grid, lesson plans, observation guide, interview guide, and teaching media that
would be used.
