addressee, but exclusive includes the speaker and the others. It can be seen from the following formula:
Exclusive: 1
st
person singular pronoun + 3
rd
person singular pronoun = 1
st
person plural pronoun, example: aku + dia = kami.
Inclusive: 1
st
person singular pronoun + 2
nd
person singular pronoun = 1
st
person plural pronoun, example: aku + kau = kita.
In the second person personal pronoun is also divided into two, they are familiar and non-familiar. Familiar is when the addressee is a close in relationship
or someone in lower age than the speaker, but non-familiar is when the addressee is someone that never met before or someone had known before but in older age
than the speaker.
b. Spatial Deixis
The concept of distance is relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Spatial deixis is also known as
place deixis. All languages have at least two demonstratives, which are deictically contrastive, locating the referent at two different points on a distance scale: a
proximal demonstrative referring to an entity near the deictic center, and a distal demonstrative indicating a referent that is located at some distance to the deictic
centre.
13
The basic of deixis is from context. Sometimes the referent of place deixis is different from the meaning of its situation. In learning place deixis, the
13
Holger Diessel. Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999, p. 12.
speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally and physically. Contemporary, English uses only two adverbs, here and there, for the basic distinction, but in
older texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of deictic expressions can be found.
14
Such as Levinson states that English place deixis also can be formed by demonstrative pronouns such as this and that.
15
Table 4: Demonstratives and Locative Adverbs in English
16
Demonstratives Types
Deictic Feature
Demonstrative pronounsDeterminers
Demonstrative adverbs or locative adverbs
Proximal to the speaker This
Here Distal from the speaker
That There
From the table above we know that English spatial deixis can be found from two adverbs, they are here and there; and two demonstratives, they are this
and that. Proximal to the speaker means the close object position from the speaker or sometimes far from the object position, but distal is used to show the
far distance from the object position. Regarding to Bambang Kuswanto Purwo, Indonesian has locative terms
that signify the spatial deixis. It can be seen as follows:
14
George Yule, op.cit. p. 12.
15
Levinson, 1983, op.cit. p. 79.
16
George Yule, op.cit, p. 12
Table 5: Example of Indonesian Spatial Deixis
