deixis, temporal deixis, and spatial deixis. The researcher also adds two other types of deixis by Levinson, they are social deixis and discourse deixis.
a. Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech events in which the utterance is delivered. Person deixis clearly operates
on a basic three- part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person ‘I’,
second person ‘you’, and third person ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’. In many languages these deictic categories are speaker, addressee, and others are elaborated with markers
of relative social status for example, addressee with higher status versus addressee with lower status. Expressions which indicate higher status are
described as honorifics.
9
The category of first person is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself, second person is encoding of the speaker’s
reference to one or more addressees, and third person is encoding of reference to persons and entities which are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance.
10
All of these is shown in the table 2. Table 2: English Personal Pronouns
11
Pronouns 1
st
person I
We 2
sd
person You
3
rd
person He
She It
9
George Yule, op.cit. p. 10.
10
Levinson 1983, loc.cit.
11
George Yule, op.cit, pp. 10-11.
From the table 2, we know that in English personal pronoun, I and We are the speakers; You is the addressee; and He, She, and It are the others. There is
an exclusive ‘we’ speaker plus others, excluding addressee and inclusive ‘we’ speaker and addressee included. This distinction is not lexically explicit in
English, but it may also be noted in the difference between saying ‘Let’s go’ to some friends and ‘Let us go’ to someone who has captured the speaker and
friends. The action of going is inclusive in the first, but exclusive in the second. In this case, the hearer gets to decide the kind of ‘more’ that is being
communicated.
12
Table 3: Indonesian Personal Pronouns Singular
Plural 1
st
person Saya Aku
Inclusive Exclusive
Kita Kami
2
nd
person Familiar
Non-familiar Kalian
Kau Kamu Anda
3
rd
person Ia Dia Beliau
Mereka
From the table 3 we know that Saya, Aku, Kita, and Kami are the speakers; Kau, Kamu, Anda, and Kalian are the addressee; and Ia, Dia, Beliau,
and Mereka are the others. In Indonesian, the first plural pronoun is divided into two, they are inclusive and exclusive. Inclusive includes the speaker and the
12
George Yule, op.cit., pp. 11-12.
