Data Analysis Translation deixis in the voyage of the dawn treader novel
person deixis you refer to Edmund. Pronoun you is translated into kau, because of proximity between the speaker and the addressee. The translator does not use term
Anda to translate the term you in here, because Eustace and Edmund were cousin and in the same age. They have closeness and familiar each other. That is why the
translator uses the term kau to translate pronoun you. There is pronoun we that is included in this utterance. Pronoun we is kind
of first plural person deixis. There are inclusive and exclusive in the first plural person deixis. Inclusive includes the speaker and the addressee. Exclusive
includes the speaker and the others. The term of inclusive and exclusive of first plural personal pronoun in English is similar, it is we. But in Indonesian, the term
to indicate inclusive we is kita and exclusive we is kami. Here, the term kita is acceptable to translate the inclusive we, because we in here refer to the speaker
and the addressee. Besides, Indonesian pronoun kita can refer to first singular pronoun in ethnic language, for example in Batak language, but in this utterance
pronoun kita refer to two person, they are Eustace and Edmund. Therefore, the first plural person deixis we in this sentence is translated into kita in Indonesian.
There is pronoun he that translated into dia. This deixis term he is belonging to the narration of author in this novel. So, the speaker is the author.
The author uses pronoun he to points toward Eustace. In English, there are two terms to indicate third singular pronoun, they are he and she. He is used to point
toward male, but she is used to point toward female. In Indonesian, third singular pronoun is common to use the term dia regarding male or female. Here, pronoun
he refers to Eustace, a male person. The author does not need respect to mention
Eustace in pronoun, because Eustace is young age. To make this translation more readable, therefore the translator uses the term dia to translate the term he.
From data 1 can be found temporal deixis now. In English, there are proximal and d
istal terms. The ‘near speaker’ or proximal terms, for example ‘this’, ‘here’, and ‘now’. The ‘away from speaker’ or distal terms, for example
‘that’, ‘there’, ‘then’. Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the deictic center, so that now is generally understood as
referring to some point or period in time that has the time of the speaker’s location as its center. Here, temporal deixis now refers to Eustace, because he is the
speaker of this utterance. It is also can be seen from the utterance above that Eustace points the term now toward his condition on that time. This temporal
deixis now is translated into sekarang in Indonesian. It is common in SL to translate the temporal deixis now into sekarang.
Data 2 SL:
“Yes, rather, anywhere you like,” said Edmund. “We can go and sit on the rocks over there. I say, I am glad to see you
– er – looking yourself again. You
must have had a pretty beastly time.” p. 120 TL:
“Ya, tentu, di mana pun kau mau,” kata Edmund. “Kita bisa pergi dan duduk di bebatuan di sana. Astaga, aku benar-benar senang melihatmu
– ngng - kelihatan sepeti dirimu sendiri lagi. Kau pasti mengalami saat-saat
yang mengerikan.” pp. 146-147
Data 2 above shows pronoun you has translated into kau and suffix -mu. It is similar condition with pronoun you in data 1, where the speaker and the
addressee have a closeness relation each other. It is called proximal in deictic expression. Edmund talked to Eustace and invited him to sit on the rocks. Besides,
Edmund and Eustace were cousin, this relation made them familiar each other. The translator uses the term kau to translate you in order to show the proximity of
speaker and addressee. The translator also uses suffix –mu to translate see you
become melihatmu. It makes the reader easy to read, than if the translator uses melihat kau, melihatmu is more readable.
From data 2 above can be seen spatial deixis there and has translated into di sana. According to Yule on his Pragmatics, he mentions that in spatial deixis is
important to remember that location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. It means that the deictic meaning is always uses
the speaker’s perspective as the center. There as physically means distal from the speaker or it is used to show the far distance from the object position. Here, the
rocks that pointed by Edmund is away from his position. It is applicable to use the term di sana to translate the term there.
Data 3 SL:
“We’re here, we’re here, Caspian,” cried Lucy and Edmund together and, “At your service, Sire,” piped Reepicheep from another corner. They had
all been sold out but the men who had bought them were staying to bid for other slaves and so they
had not yet been taken away…. p. 73
TL: “Kami di sini, kami di sini, Caspian,” teriak Lucy and Edmund bersama-
sama, lalu, “Siap melayanimu, Sire,” cicit Reepicheep dari sudut yang lain. Mereka semua telah terjual tapi orang-orang yang membeli mereka tetap
tinggal untuk menawar budak lain, jadi mereka belum dibawa pergi…. p.
87-88 Data 3 above shows first plural person deixis we refer to Lucy and
Edmund. Here, Lucy and Edmund shouted to Caspian for asking help. They had been offered in a slave market, Caspian is also included, but at that moment
Caspian had bought by Lord Bern because of his face similar to the king. It can be seen from the text above that pronoun we is used to refer more than one person
and as the speaker of the utterance. In the text above, there is plural person deixis we is translated into Indonesian become kami. Here, pronoun we is kind of
exclusive form, because it includes the speaker Lucy and the other Edmund. It is clearly from the utterance itself that Lucy as the speaker is not included Caspian
as the addressee, but she told Caspian, if she and Edmund were there. There is a term Sire. The term Sire uses to show an honour from a people
to his King. Here, Reepicheep called his King, Caspian, with a term Sire and this term is translated into Indonesian become Sire. The translator adapts the term Sire
in order the readers of translation novel feel the same way like original readers. From data 3 is also found pronoun they. They translate into Indonesian
become mereka. They is kind of third plural person deixis. They is contained in a narration of the author. Here, the author points they toward Lucy, Edmund, and
Reepicheep. The author acted as a story teller, so it makes all characters that
mentioned the name in this narration is third pronoun, except the author himself. The translator uses the term mereka to translate they. It is applicable, because
mereka in SL is also point toward third plural pronoun.
Data 4 SL:
Now, gentlemen, lot twenty-three. Fine Terebinthian agricultural labourer, suitable for the mines or the galleys. Under twenty-five years of age. Not a
bad tooth in his head. Good, brawny fellow. Take off his shirt, Tacks, and let the gentlemen see. There’s muscle for you Look at the chest on him.
Ten crescents from the gentlemen in the corner. You must be joking, sir. Fifteen Eighteen Eighteen is bid for lot twenty-three. Any advance on
eighteen? Twenty-one. Thank you, sir. Twenty-one is bid –“ p. 72
TL: “Nah, Tuan-tuan, tawaran nomor dua puluh tiga. Pekerja pertanian
Terebinthia yang tangguh, cocok untuk pertambangan atau kru kapal galley. Usianya di bawah dua puluh lima. Tidak ada gigi buruk dalam
kepalanya. Orang yang jujur dan kuat. Lepaskan bajunya, Tacks, dan biarkan Tuan-tuan ini melihatnya. Ini dia otot untuk Anda Lihat saja
dadanya. Sepuluh crescent untuk Tuan di pojok. Anda pasti bergurau, Sir. Lima belas Delapan belas Delapan belas baru cocok untuk tawaran
nomor dua puluh tiga. Ada yang mau menawar lebih daripada delapan belas? Dua puluh satu. Terima kasih, Sir. Dua puluh satu memang sesuai
– “ p. 86
Data above shows the term you as a second person deixis and refers to the gentlemen in the corner. The category of second person is encoding the reference
to one or more addressees. The speaker of this utterance is Pug. He was roaring out to sell slave in a slave market and pointed someone that offer ten crescents to
buy a slave. Here, someone that pointed by Pug, the gentlemen in the corner, is the addressee. That is why, the second person deixis you in here refers to the
gentlemen in the corner. Second person deixis you is translated into Indonesian become Anda. In Indonesian, there are two terms to indicate the second singular
pronoun, kau and Anda. Here, the term Anda is used to translate the term you, because there is only a relation between a seller and a buyer, unfamiliar person. In
addition, the translator uses the term Anda in regarding in Indonesian there is a culture to respect a new people or someone in high social status, or even the older
person. Here, the speaker as a seller did not know who the buyer is. In order to respect a new people, the translator uses the term Anda to translate the term you.
Besides, the second pronoun you in the utterance above is counted into unfamiliar, because the addressee is someone had unknown by the speaker.
Data 5 SL:
“You are too old, children,” said Aslan, “and you must begin to come close to your own world now.” p.271
TL: “Kalian terlalu tua anak-anak,” kata Aslan, “dan kalian harus mulai
mendekati dunia kalian sendiri sekarang.” p.339
Data 5 shows the term you as the second person deixis and refer to Lucy and Edmund. In English, second pronoun is only one, it is you. It is used to
singular and plural. In Indonesian, second pronoun for singular are kau and anda, second pronoun for plural is kalian. Here, pronoun you refer to Lucy and Edmund,
because Aslan explained to Lucy and Edmund that they had done ready to face their own world within lessons has received from Narnia. They do not need to
come back to Narnia in the future. Pronoun you is used to indicate the addressee of the utterance. It can be seen from the utterance above that the addressees are
Lucy and Edmund. Second plural person deixis you are translated into kalian. It can be seen from TL, the term you refer to more than one person. The term you in
English can be used to refer one or more than one person and kind of the addressee. Here, pronoun you refer to two persons, Lucy and Edmund. It kinds of
plural pronoun, so it is applicable to translate you become kalian.
Data 6 SL:
“Same old Felimath Same old Doorn,” said Lucy, clapping her hands. “Oh – Edmund, how long it is since you and I saw them last” p. 47
TL: “Felimath masih saja sama seperti dulu Doorn juga masih sama seperti
dulu” kata Lucy sambil bertepuk tangan. “Oh – Edmund, sudah berapa lama sejak terakhir kali kita
melihat dua pulau itu?” p. 56 Data above shows the terms you and I are first plural person deixis. It can
be seen from the utterance above that the term deixis you and I refer to Edmund and Lucy. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund.
Lucy was mentioned Edmund in her conversation. She was remembering Narnia Islands in the past. Pronoun you and I is translated into kita. The pronoun you in
here refer to the addressee Edmund. The pronoun I refer to the speaker Lucy. The terms you and I are kind of inclusive we, because they point toward the speaker
itself and the addressee. In TL, the term kita is acceptable to replace it. It does not in a formal condition, that is why the first person deixis you and I is translated
into kita.
Data 7 SL:
“I’m beginning to feel very inquisitive about these people,” whispered Eustace to Edmund. “Do you think they’re human at all? More like huge
grasshoppers o r giant frogs, I should say.”
“It does look like it,” said Edmund. “But don’t put the idea of the grasshoppers into Lucy’s head. She’s not to keen on insects, especially big
ones.” p. 163 TL:
“Aku mulai merasa penasaran tentang orang-orang ini,” bisik Eustace kepada Edmund. “Apakah menurutmu mereka manusia? Aku bisa berkata
sepertinya mereka lebih mirip belalang atau katak raksasa. ”Sepertinya memang begitu,” kata Edmund. “Tapi jangan memasukkan
bayangan tentang belalang ke dalam kepala Lucy. Dia tidak terlalu suka dengan serangga, terutama yang besar.” p. 203
Data 7 above shows third singular person deixis she refers to Lucy. Pronoun she is used to points toward the other and in female gender. The speaker
that mentioned pronoun she is Edmund. The addressee is Eustace. Edmund and Eustace was talking about Lucy who afraid about insects. She refers to Lucy, a
female. In the utterance above, pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become dia. The third personal pronoun she is used to point toward the people or things
other than speaker or researcher and the person is addressed in singular form. This is a conversation between siblings. Edmund is Lucy’s brother. In TL, it is
common to use the term dia to point toward the third person in female gender. That is why the third singular person deixis she is translated into dia.
There is a pronoun it and refers to the Dufflepuds. The term it is used by the author to mention the Dufflepuds. Based on this utterance, Eustace as the
speaker, thought that the Dufflepuds are huge grasshoppers or giant frogs. Because when this conversation has uttered, the Dufflepuds has not seen yet. In
using pronoun it, there is no singular or plural. Both of singular and plural is common in using the term it. Pronoun it is translated into suffix
–nya, and in the TL become sepertinya memang begitu. It is more readable than if the translator
translate it with the terms seperti dia memang begitu. These terms are not really communicative to the readers.
Data 8 SL:
“Even looking is better than nothing, said Lucy. “And she is such a very Narnian ship.” p. 15
TL: “Bahkan sekedar memandang jauh lebih baik daripada tidak sama sekali,
kata Lucy. “Lagi pula kapal itu kapal yang sangat khas Narnia.” p. 16
Data 8 above shows third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of a ship. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund.
Pronoun she points toward the other of this utterance. Lucy was talking to Edmund about a picture of a ship in her room. She thought that the ship looks like
Narnian ship. That is why the third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of a ship. Pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become kapal. The third personal
pronoun she uses to point toward the people or things other than the speaker and the addressee in singular form. Pronoun she is also can be used to refer a ship,
vehicle, country, or other inanimate thing regarded as female. Here, the pronoun she refers to a ship. It is more readable and become communicative for readers to
translate this she into kapal.
Data 9 SL:
“Three hundred crescents, my Lord, to your honourable Lordship, but to anyone else-
“ p. 54 TL:
“Tiga ratus crescent, Tuan, untuk lord semuliamu, tapi kalau untuk orang lain-
“ p. 66 Data above shows my Lord as second singular person deixis has translated
into Indonesian become tuan. Pronoun my lord can be used before a noun or an adjective as a form of address, showing affection or sympathy, or sometimes lack
of patience or superior status. Here, a people talked to a lord and mentioned Lord Bern as my lord. They have a different social status. The lord has the higher social
status than a citizen. In TL, to keep the politeness between the speaker and the
addressee, the term my lord is translated into tuan. It can be seen from the utterance itself that the speaker respects the addressee from the term your
honourable lordship.
Data 10 SL:
And after the Lone Islands?” said Lucy. No one knows, your Majesty
,” answered Drinian. “Unless the Lone Islanders themselves can tell us.” p. 33
TL: Dan ada apa setelah Lone Islands?” tanya Lucy.
Tidak ada yang tahu, Yang Mulia ,” jawab Drinian. “Kecuali penghuni
Lone Islands sendiri bisa memberitahu kita.” p. 38 Data above shows the term your Majesty is uttered by Drinian. Your
Majesty is point toward Lucy. It can be seen from the text itself. Lucy is a queen of Narnia a few years ago. Indeed, Drinian gives respect to Lucy. Your Majesty is
kind of second singular person deixis and has translated into Indonesian become Yang Mulia. It is applicable to translate Your Majesty into Yang Mulia. Both Your
Majesty and Yang Mulia use to give an honor to someone in higher social status. In this case, the honorifics point toward a king of Narnia, Caspian..
Data 11 SL:
“Crazy, you know,” said Eustace to Lucy in a low voice, looking at the eastern horizon. “Sailing on and on into that with no idea what we may get
to.” But he only said it out of habit, not really nastily as he would have done at one time. p.138
TL: “Kau tahu ini gila,” kata Eustace kepada Lucy dengan suara perlahan,
menatap horizon timur. “Berlayar terus menuju ke sana tanpa sama sekali tahu ke mana kita akan pergi.” Tapi dia mengatakannya tanpa maksud apa-
apa, tidak benar-benar dengan nada menyebalkan seperti yang dilakukannya sewaktu-waktu. p. 170
Data above shows spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon. It can be seen from the text itself that Eustace feels hesitate to sailing on with no idea what
destination to get to. Eustace pointed and looked to the eastern horizon. That is why the spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon.
Here, the “distal” demonstrative that is used as a placeholder for the eastern horizon. In deictic
term, it is called distal or away from the speaker. In the text above, there is demonstrative that is translated into Indonesian become sana. The term that
means something that far distance from the speaker. The term sana means something that far from speaker and addressee. The speaker of this utterance is
Eustace and the addressee is Lucy. The eastern horizon is far from Eustace and Lucy. That is why the spatial deixis that is translated into sana in Indonesian.
Data 12 SL:
“Sire,” said Reepicheep, “this is a place with a curse on it. Let us get back on board at once. And if I might have the honour of naming this island, I
should call it Deathwater.” p. 145
TL: “Sire,” kata Reepicheep, “tempat ini memiliki kutukan. Sebaiknya kita
segera kembali ke kapal. Dan kalau aku memperoleh kehormatan menamai pulau ini, aku akan menyebutnya Deathwater
– Air Kematian.” Data above shows an utterance by Reepicheep. He talked about a place
that he was pointed with demonstrative this. Demonstrative this points toward Deathwater. This is translated into Indonesian become ini. The translator uses the
term ini to translate the term this is because demonstrative this means “proximity”
location of object position from the speaker. The term ini is used to represent something that near to the speaker. Reepicheep as the speaker of this utterance is
located in the Deathwater, the same place with a place that he mentioned. That is why the demonstrative this is translated into ini.
From the utterance above, there is a term us is translated into kita. it is delicate to use the term kita to translate the term us, than use the term kami. It is
because us in here was meant by Reepicheep to invite the addressee, not the other. The translator wants to show the closeness between the speaker and the addressee.
Data 13 SL:
“But do they dare to talk about you like that?” said Lucy. “They seemed to be so afraid of you yesterday
. Don’t they know you might be listening?” p. 188
TL: “Tapi apakah mereka berani membicarakan dirimu seperti itu?” Tanya
Lucy. “Mereka tampak sangat takut padamu kemarin. Tidakkah mereka tahu mungkin saja kau sedang mendengarkan?”p. 233
Data above shows temporal deixis yesterday is translated into Indonesian become kemarin. Temporal deixis has three kinds depend the utterance time: they
are before the moment of utterance, at the time of utterance, and after the time of utterance. Here, it is common to use the term kemarin to translate the term
yesterday. Yesterday is kind of past tense, before the moment of utterance or indicates a day before today. In the utterance above, there is temporal deixis
yesterday meant by the speaker, Lucy and the addressee is Coriakin, the Magician in the Islands of the Voices. Coriakin has changed the Dufflepuds into unseen,
because the Dufflepuds are stupid and can hurt themselves if they can be seen. Lucy helped the Dufflepuds to become seen again, because she was forced and
trapped by the Dufflepuds to did it. Temporal deixis yesterday in here indicates to the day before today, when Lucy talked with the Dufflepuds and they looked
frightened to Coriakin. That is why the term yesterday uses past tense and has translated into Indonesian become kemarin.