Translation deixis in the voyage of the dawn treader novel

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

Risqa Auliyani 1111026000007

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

ABSTRACT

Risqa Auliyani. Translation of Deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader Novel.

A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.

This research is aimed to know how is deixis translation in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel by C. S. Lewis which is translated from English into Indonesian by Indah S. Pratidina. This research analyzes four types of deixis that is used by the author that arise the differences between English and Indonesian.

The method of this research is qualitative descriptive method. The writer analyzes and describes the translation of deixis from the the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel. This research uses the theory of deixis from George Yule and Levinson about explanation and types of deixis.

The result of this research reveals that English and Indonesian difference in using deixis. The difference of cultures between English and Indonesian is influencing in translating deixis words in order to give a communicative translation to readers.

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in text.

Jakarta, 29 September 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful for all the favor to complete this thesis. Many salutation and benediction to the Greatest Prophet Muhammad SAW for his conveying the words of God, the light of humanism and peace.

The writer would like to express her gratitude to her lovely parents, (Alm) Drs. Maslan and Dra. Hj. Bastiah, for their motivations, prayers, supports and all of their contribution in the writer’s life. The writer also would like to thank to her beloved siblings, Mas Bas Thomi and Nur Laili Anggraini, who always give the writer the privilege of pursuing the interest in University and financially supporting the writer to complete her bachelor degree.

Many words of thanks are also addressed to her advisor Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H., M.H., M.Pd for his time, guidance, kindness, and motivation to finish this paper. The special thanks is also dedicated to :

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department,

and Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum as the Secretary of English Letters Department.

3. All of the lecturers in the English Letters Department for teaching her valuable lessons.

4. All librarians and Academic Staffs of Letters and Humanities Faculty.

5. The writer’s best friends: Risna, Dewi, Wilda, Yusra, Bagja, Septian,

Rizulmi, and Haikal. Thank you so much for the time that have been spent together and for filling my day with your cheerfullness.

6. The big Family of Literature Class 2011, the writer will always miss them.

Allah blesses us. Amen.

Jakarta, September 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii

LIST OF TABLE………xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study……….. 1

B. Focus of The Study ………... 3

C. Research Questions ………. 3

D. Significance of The Study ... 3

E. Research Methodology 1. The Objectives of Research ... 4

2. The Method of Research ... 4

3. The Instrument of Research ... 4

4. The Unit of Analysis ……….. 5

5. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 5

CHAPTER II THE CONCEPT OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION A. Previous Research ... 6

B. Concept 1. Definition of Deixis ………. 9

2. Types of Deixis………. 10

a. Person Deixis ... 11

3. Cultural in Deixis Translation ... 21

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION A. The Data Description ... 24

B. The Data Analysis ... 29

C. Research Findings ... 44

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 48

B. Suggestions ... 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 50

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Deictic Expressions in English ………..……… 10

Table 2. English Personal Pronouns ……… 12

Table 3. Indonesian Personal Pronouns ………..……… 12

Table 4. Demonstratives and Locative Adverbs in English ………...……… 14 Table 5. Example of Indonesian Spatial Deixis ……….……. 15

Table 6. Examples of Temporal Deixis ..……… 16

Table 7. Indonesian Temporal Deixis ………. 18

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Translating deixis is one problem that is experienced by a translator. Deixis can make references of demonstratives or pronouns in a context change. Throughout the translation of deixis, there is an assumption that the use of terms to refer to people and things was a relatively straightforward matter. A translator must reveal who is speaking in a context.

Deixis translation is used in an effort to saving the terms, efficiency and effectiveness of the use of language. In natural language, deixis is fundamentally grounded in bodily experience and situated interactions between the interlocutors.1 Translating deixis sometimes causes difficulties for a translator in translating process. Background of culture is one reason that can make a translation text of deixis become ambiguous. Such as Larson said that “One of the difficult problems in translation is the cultural differences between source language text and target language text”.2

Translating deixis is not easy, but deictic terms always found in a context. Through using of deixis, readers will be easier and faster to understand a text. In addition, long sentences may turn to be short and effective when using deictic terms. So, deixis translation must be translated carefully in order to avoid the

1

Holger Diessel, Deixis and Demonstratives. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, Paul Portner (eds.), An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012) Vol. 3, p. 2.

2

Mildred L. Larson, Meaning –Based Translation; A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence,

2

ambiguity of readers. It is crucial for the translator to be aware that a linguistic form like deixis is available in many languages which may even belong to different language families.3

Translating is an effort to reveal the message contained in the text of one language or source language into another language or target language.4 A translator should has knowledge about the social identity (gender, age, rank, and status) of speakers. It can be seen from the following example.

Example English-Indonesian

SL: “Sir, I am sorry for coming late this morning.”

TL: “Bapak, maafkan saya karena telah datang terlambat pagi ini.”

From the sentences above, it can be seen the term I is translated into saya.

When someone talks to a person that older than he or she. It is important to be politeness and give a respect in Indonesian culture. Election in using term saya in translate language is needed to be more polite. Thus, both contexts source language and target language do not mean same, but both sentences contain a

same “value” in order to be more communicative to target readers.

Therefore, the researcher interests to analyze deixis translation in a novel. Novel has become an option for the researcher, because the researcher will find many deixis in a novel. Furthermore, the researcher will analyze the various of deixis terms which is found from original text and translation text.

3

Hicham Semlali, Translating Deixis: A Subjective Experience, (Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 2006), p. 49.

4

Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p. 28.

B. Focus of the Study

According to the previous explanation, this research is limited by focusing on the types of deixis found in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel, analyzing the various deictic terms that appeared because of the background of target language culture. This restriction is needed to consider the wide scope of this study, while the time is limit.

C. Research Questions

According to the background of the research above, the problems that will be discussed of this research are:

1. What types of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel?

2. How is translation of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel?

D. Significance of Study

The significance of the research is to give a new contribution in translations study, especially about deixis translation. Theoretically; the result of this study is hopefully giving useful information for developing translation of deixis moreover in the cultural influences. Practically; the result of this study is hopefully giving useful information for the readers and the researcher herself to understand the process of translator in translating deixis from a novel. Also it is hopefully giving the inspiration for the other students who want to develop the similar study.

4

E. Research Methodology 1. The Objective of Research

The objective of this research are stated in this following:

a. Describing types of translation of deixis in the the Voyage of The Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version.

b. Analyzing the using of deictic terms depending on the cultural differences of English and Indonesian in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel.

2. The Method of Research

This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Through this method, the researcher will describe the deictic terms used in the novel. In this research, the researcher analyzes and classifies the deictic terms appeared on the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel. Then the researcher describes how the translator translated the deictic terms from English into Indonesian depending on the cultural differences.

3. The Instrument of Research

The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself, she gets information by reading some books, journals, and other references. Then, she analyzes the selected data by reading, identifying, grouping the deictic terms by applying the theory by George Yule and Levinson about deixis.

4. The Unit of Analysis

The analysis unit of this research is the Voyage of the Dawn Treader

novel. This novel is the third edition of seventh novel The Chronicles of Narnia

and had finished writing in 1950 by C. S. Lewis. The researcher also uses the translation versión which translated by Indah S. Pratidina into Indonesian in 2005.

5. The Technique of Data Analysis

In this study, the researcher uses some steps to analyze deixis translation in the Voyage of The Dawn Treader novel. In analyzing the data, there are some steps that have to be noticed by the researcher, such as:

a. The researcher will find out the deictic terms from Indonesian and English novel text.

b. The researcher will analyze the deictic terms depends on the types of deixis. c. The researcher will analyze culture influences in using deictic terms

depending on the theory of George Yule. It is the most basic distinction between deictic expressions in the source language text and target language text.

CHAPTER II

THE CONCEPT OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. Previous Researches

There are some researches who have analyzed about deixis. A research by Youwen Yang (2011) that entitled A Cognitive Interpretation of Discourse Deixis

is analyzing about deixis. The paper aims at proposing a cognitive structure for discourse deixis, in terms of which deixis is understood and used to structure reality, so that reality is internally experienced and hence reproduced or changed. The paper also tries to argue that discourse deixis is metaphorically derived from place deixis. This analysis is consistent with and confirms the spatialization-of-form hypothesis, which requires a metaphorical mapping from physical space onto a conceptual space. To be specific, discourse deixis is based on the metaphorical understanding of discourse as time and time as space.1

The second prior is a research by Edward Jay Mansarate Quinto that entitled Stylistic Analysis of Deictic Expressions in President Benigno Aquino

III’s October 30th Speech. This paper analyses how the President of the Philippines, Benigno Simeon Aquino III, or simply PNoy, deployed persons, time, location and social relationships in the English translation of his October 30th televised national address and what meaning and effect does such deployment of referring expressions bring about in understanding the nature of the political speech. Using the frameworks of Hanks (2005) and Buhler (1934), this paper

1

Youwen Yang. Theory and Practice in Language Studies: A Cognitive Interpretation of Discourse Deixis. (Finland: ACADEMY PUBLISHER. February 2011), Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 134.

examines how, PNoy strategically sets up the deictic field by placing several personal, temporal, spatial and social deictic expressions in what initially is a ground zero. The deployment creates a deictic field in which the Filipino people are situated at deictic centre and the President and his critics are in binary opposition. PNoy’s deployment of deictic expressions is very effectively done so that the deictic centre is persuaded to judge the president and his government favourably and the binary opposite in the deictic field, unfavourably. Through a systematic stylistic account of deixis in political speech, this paper argues that not only personal deixis, as previous studies put forth, but also temporal, spatial and social deixis helps political actors to persuade the audience in their favour and ultimately boost leverage in their political discourse and outside.2

In addition, a study by Shirong Zhang, et.al., that entitled An Analysis of Cultural Differences in Chinese and English First-person Deixis from the Perspective of Pragmatic Empathy. In this contrastive study, he explained that the first-person deixis, as an essential component of pragmatics, may indicate the social status, interpersonal relationship and other factors of the conversational parties, thus reflecting the implicit cultural in a particular society. Therefore, the different uses in first-person deixis of different languages may imply the cultural differences among different societies. In view of this, based on the theory of pragmatic empathy, this thesis attempts to explore the implied cultural differences reflected in the specific uses of the first-person deixis in English and Chinese. The following is the cultural differences: a) the difference between the collectivism

2

Edward Jay Mansarate Quinto. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Stylistic Analysis of Deictic Expressions in President Benigno Aquino III’s October 30th Speech (Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2014), Vol 20(2), pp. 1 – 18.

8

orientation in Chinese culture (I-less and other-oriented culture) and the individualism orientation in western culture (self-oriented culture); b) the difference between Chinese mindset of intuitive integrity and the mindset of analytical logic in western cultures; c) the difference between the impact of Chinese ideology of power hierarchy and 礼Li (politeness) and the influence of western ideology of solidarity (or equality); d) the different origins of the royal we

in English and the humble wo-men in Chinese; e) and the difference between affective type of relationship in Chinese culture and the instrumental type of relationship in western culture. Keeping those differences in mind will be a help to bridge the gap between the different cultures in our daily intercultural communications. Meanwhile, more detailed study in this orientation still remains to be conducted for the future language teaching and research.3

Based on the previous research above, it can be seen that many researchers have proved that deixis can affect the language of many people in particular society, includes daily conversation. Through this study, the researcher will prove that translation of deixis can affected by language in particular society. The researcher will analyze the translation of deixis from several conversations in a novel that written by C. S. Lewis that entitled the Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Therefore, in this study the researcher analyzes the novel by using deixis theory proposed by George Yule and Levinson.

3

Shirong Zhang, et.al. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. An Analysis of Cultural Differences in Chinese and English First-person Deixis from the Perspective of Pragmatic Empathy (Finland: ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland, October 2013), Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 1868-1872.

B. Concept

In this chapter, the researcher includes the definition of deixis, types of deixis, and culture in deixis translation.

1. Definition of Deixis

Many experts try to give definition about deixis, including Yule and Levinson. Yule said that deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (‘now’, ‘then’). When someone notices a strange object and ask, ‘what is that?’, then he/she will use a deictic expression (‘that’) to indicate something in the immediate context.4

Levinson gives an overview about deixis. He wrote that deixis is a term which its reference always moves or changes depending on the context. He also stated that deixis is a part of pragmatics that has connection with certain term or sentence that changes because of the context. The change of context in sentence is often caused by the change of situation including personal, time and place.5 For example from a sentence: “Meet me here a week from today with a stick this big.”

The terms "me," "here," "today," and "this," do not have clear referents and are very difficult to understand. Besides that, we do not know who to meet, whether

4

George Yule, op.cit., p. 9.

5

Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 54.

10

her or him.6 The most basic way of referring to something is to point to it. In a basic level, every language has deitic terms. Deitic terms are used to point to things in the physical-social context of the speaker and addressee.7

Table 1: Deictic Expressions in English8

Dimension Proximal Distal

Object This That

Place Here There

Person I You

Time Now Then

Day Today Yesterday/Tomorrow

Tense Present Past-Future

Deixis is a site and used for identifying people, object, event, process or an activity that is being spoken or referred into space and time dimension. Consider the following example: “We are now sitting on the bus.”The term “we” refers to the person uttering the sentence. The temporal deixis “now” is dependent on the moment of statement is uttered. The term “on the bus” indicates a place where the participant in the speech event.

2. Types of Deixis

In this study, the researcher uses theory from George Yule in the three types of deixis. Three kinds of deixis by Yule in his Pragmatics are: person

6

Fahed Hussein Ahmed Alsaif, Deixis in English and Arabic: a semantic-pragmatic study and its pedagogical implications,Journal International of University of Pune (India, April 2008), p. 170

7

Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 144.

8

deixis, temporal deixis, and spatial deixis. The researcher also adds two other types of deixis by Levinson, they are social deixis and discourse deixis.

a. Person Deixis

Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech events in which the utterance is delivered. Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person (‘I’), second person (‘you’), and third person (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’). In many languages these deictic categories are speaker, addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status (for example, addressee with higher status versus addressee with lower status). Expressions which indicate higher status are described as honorifics.9 The category of first person is the grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to himself, second person is encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees, and third person is encoding of reference to persons and entities which are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance.10 All of these is shown in the table (2).

Table 2: English Personal Pronouns11 Pronouns

1st person I We

2sd person You

3rd person

He She It

9

George Yule, op.cit. p. 10.

10

Levinson (1983), loc.cit.

11

12

From the table (2), we know that in English personal pronoun, I and We

are the speakers; You is the addressee; and He, She, and It are the others. There is an exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee) and inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee included). This distinction is not lexically explicit in English, but it may also be noted in the difference between saying ‘Let’s go’ (to some friends) and ‘Let us go’ (to someone who has captured the speaker and friends). The action of going is inclusive in the first, but exclusive in the second. In this case, the hearer gets to decide the kind of ‘more’ that is being communicated.12

Table 3: Indonesian Personal Pronouns

Singular Plural

1st person Saya / Aku Inclusive Exclusive

Kita Kami

2nd person Familiar Non-familiar Kalian

Kau / Kamu Anda

3rd person Ia / Dia / Beliau Mereka

From the table (3) we know that Saya, Aku, Kita, and Kami are the speakers; Kau, Kamu, Anda, and Kalian are the addressee; and Ia, Dia, Beliau,

and Mereka are the others. In Indonesian, the first plural pronoun is divided into two, they are inclusive and exclusive. Inclusive includes the speaker and the

12

addressee, but exclusive includes the speaker and the others. It can be seen from the following formula:

Exclusive: 1st person singular pronoun + 3rd person singular pronoun = 1st person plural pronoun, example: aku + dia = kami.

Inclusive: 1st person singular pronoun + 2nd person singular pronoun = 1st person plural pronoun, example: aku + kau = kita.

In the second person personal pronoun is also divided into two, they are familiar and non-familiar. Familiar is when the addressee is a close in relationship or someone in lower age than the speaker, but non-familiar is when the addressee is someone that never met before or someone had known before but in older age than the speaker.

b. Spatial Deixis

The concept of distance is relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Spatial deixis is also known as place deixis. All languages have at least two demonstratives, which are deictically contrastive, locating the referent at two different points on a distance scale: a proximal demonstrative referring to an entity near the deictic center, and a distal demonstrative indicating a referent that is located at some distance to the deictic centre.13

The basic of deixis is from context. Sometimes the referent of place deixis is different from the meaning of its situation. In learning place deixis, the

13

Holger Diessel. Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization.( Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999), p. 12.

14

speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally and physically. Contemporary,

English uses only two adverbs, here and there, for the basic distinction, but in older texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of deictic expressions can be found.14 Such as Levinson states that English place deixis also can be formed by demonstrative pronouns such as this and that.15

Table 4: Demonstratives and Locative Adverbs in English16 Demonstratives

Types Deictic

Feature

Demonstrative

pronouns/Determiners

Demonstrative adverbs (or locative adverbs)

Proximal to the speaker This Here

Distal from the speaker That There

From the table above we know that English spatial deixis can be found from two adverbs, they are here and there; and two demonstratives, they are this

and that. Proximal to the speaker means the close object position from the speaker or sometimes far from the object position, but distal is used to show the far distance from the object position.

Regarding to Bambang Kuswanto Purwo, Indonesian has locative terms that signify the spatial deixis. It can be seen as follows:

14

George Yule, op.cit. p. 12.

15

Levinson, (1983), op.cit. p. 79.

16

Table 5: Example of Indonesian Spatial Deixis17

Locative Sini Situ Sana

From the table above we can see that Indonesian spatial deixis can be found from three terms, they are sini, situ, and sana. Sini as a term that indicates proximal to the speaker; but situ and sana as terms that indicate distal from the speaker.

c. Temporal Deixis

Temporal deixis is also called time deixis. The use of the proximal form ‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speaker’s voice being heard (the hearer’s ‘now’, the distal expression ‘then’ applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker’s present time. It is usually grammaticalized in deictic adverbs of time, such as now, then, this week, this afternoon, yesterday, today, and many more. In other terms, time deixis refers to an expression that point to certain period when the utterances produced by the speaker. All these expressions depend for their interpretation on knowing the relevant utterance time.18

Time deixis is divided into some categories. According to Cruse, three kinds of time deixis are: before the moment of utterance, at the time of utterance, and after the time utterance.19 These three kinds have relation with grammatical features. The grammatical categories called tenses usually encode a mixture of deictic time distinctions and aspectual distinctions, which are often hard to

17

Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Deiksis dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1984)

18

George Yule, op.cit., p.14.

19

16

distinguish. In English, there are present tense as specifying that the state or event holds or is occurring during a temporal span including the coding-time; the past tense as specifying that the relevant span held before coding-time; the future as specifying that the relevant span succeeds coding-time; the pluperfect (as in He had gone) as specifying that the event happened at a time before an event described in the past tense; and so on.20

All human languages have ways of locating events in time, even though they may difference from one to another.21 The speakers of all languages are always at the center, as it were, of the situation of utterance. It should also be observed that the participants in a situation of utterance not only assume the roles of speaker and hearer.22

The principal reference point for temporal deixis is the present, the contextual time at which the utterance occurs. Time deixis consists of adverb of

time in the sequence “…yesterday…now…tomorrow….” The adverb also has

function. It indicates to a specific time. The term “yesterday” indicates to a day before today. The term “now” indicates when the speaker says the utterance in the speech event. The term “tomorrow” indicates to a day after today.23

In written or recorded uses of language, it can distinguish that coding time from receiving time, and in particular languages there are often conventions about

20

Levinson, Deixis and Pragmatics, for Handbook of Pragmatics, (Norway: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2004),p. 39.

21

Bernard Comrie. Tense (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 8.

22

John Lyons. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 275.

23

William Frawley. Linguistic Semantics, (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992) p. 187.

whether one writes “I am writing this today, so you will receive it tomorrow” or something more like “I have written this yesterday so that you receive it today.”24

Table 6: Examples of Temporal Deixis

Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense

Yesterday Now Tomorrow

The past week That time The coming week

In days gone by This time The approaching year

Many languages in fact have no absolute deictic tenses25, although languages may pick up deictic interpretations by implicature. Yet other languages, for example, Malay or Chinese, have no tenses at all.26 In English, the present tense is the proximal form and the past tense is the distal form. Something having taken place in the past, as in (1), is typically treated as distant from the speaker’s current situation. Perhaps less obviously, something that is treated as extremely unlikely (or impossible) from the speaker’s current situation is also marked via the distal (past tense) form, as in27 (2)

(1) I live here now. (2) I lived there then.

24

Laurence R. Horn, et.al. The Handbook of Pragmatics, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006).

25

Bernard Comrie. op.cit., p. 63.

26

Levinson (2004), op.cit., p. 40.

27

18

Table 7: Indonesian Temporal Deixis28

2 1 0 1 2 3 4 Kemarin

dulu

Kemarin Sekarang Besok (hari) (besok) lusa Tulat, langkat Tubin, tungging

d. Social Deixis

Social deixis is concerned with aspects of sentences, which reflect or establish or is determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the speech act occurs. Levinson describes social deixis as the predetermination of social differences that are relative to participant-roles, mainly aspects of the social correlation that is possessed between the speaker and addressee(s) or the speaker and some referents.29

Social deixis, however, truly cannot be separated from the concept of honorifics. Furthermore, honorifics is concerned with the relative rank or respect between speaker, referent, and also bystander. Social deixis is sometimes encoded in person deixis, and it is related to the different social status (higher and lower) between speaker and addressee. Moreover, it also deals with familiar and non-familiar addressee in some languages.30

Social deixis has to do with the marking of social relationships in linguistic expressions, with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event. Special expressions exist in many languages,

28

Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, loc. cit.

29

Levinson (2004), op.cit., p. 50.

30

including the honorifics well known in the languages of S. E. Asia, like Thai, Japanese, Korean, and Javanese.31

A fairly well-known example of a social contrast encoded within person deixis is the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction, from the French forms ‘tu’ (familiar) and ‘vous’ (non-familiar), and is found in many languages including German (‘du/Si’) and Spanish (‘tu/Usted’). The choice of one form will certainly communicate something (not directly said) about the speaker’s view of his or her relationship with the addressee. In those social contexts where individuals typically mark distinctions between the social status of the speaker and addressee, the higher, the older, and more powerful speaker will tend to use the ‘tu’ version to a lower, younger, and less powerful addressee, and be addressed by the ‘vous’ form in return. When social change is taking place, as for

example in modern Spain, where a young businesswoman (higher economic status) is talking to her older cleaning lady (lower economic status), how do they address each other? I am told that the age distinction remains more powerful than the economic distinction and the older woman uses ‘tu’ and the younger uses ’Usted’.32

The Spanish non-familiar version (‘Usted’) is historically related to a form which used to refer to neither first person (speaker) nor second person (addressee), but to third person (some other). In deictic terms, third person is not a direct participant in basic (I-you) interaction and, being an outsider, is necessarily more

31

Levinson (2004), op.cit., pp. 50-51.

32

20

distant. Third person pronouns are consequently distal forms in terms of person deixis. using a third person form, where a second person form would be possible, is one way of communicating distance (and non-familiarity). 33

e. Discourse Deixis

Levinson stated that discourse or text deixis concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself).34 In other terms, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contains the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text. In English, the deictic terms used by this deixis are “this” that refers to a forthcoming portion and “that” to a preceding portion. In Indonesia, “ini” refers to a forthcoming portion and “itu” refers to a preceding portion. It can be seen from the following example:

Indonesia-English translation

SL : O kalo gitu udah ini dong, lancar.

TL : Oh, in that case (he’s) already this, fluent in English.

Here the “proximal” demonstrative ini is used as a placeholder for the adjective

lancar. The placeholder demonstratives in Indonesian may stand in for nouns and adjectives (or even verbs or parts of terms, not shown here), and that these placeholder “repairs” may be produced fluently without any indication of term formulation trouble aside from the use of the demonstrative.35.

33

George Yule, op.cit., pp. 10-11.

34

Stephen C. Levinson, op cit, p. 85.

35

Nicholas Williams. Toward Anthropological Account of Deixis in Interaction: Ini and Itu in Indonesian Conversation (Boulder: University of Colorado, June 2009) vol. 22, p. 9.

A distinction can be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, although the two are obviously related. Anaphora picks up a previous reference to an extralinguistics entity and repeats it, example: John entered the room. He looked tired. The pronoun he refers to the same person that John refers to, but it does not strictly refer to the term John itself. This is contrast with one John saw a fox yesterday. Bill saw one, too, which picks up a term in previous discourse, but not (necessarily) its referent. It must be admitted that in reference to a case like therefore the distinction between discourse deixis and anaphora becomes some blurred.36

3. Cultural in Deixis Translation

Translating is an effort to reveal the message contained in the text of one language or source language into another language or target language.37 Translation is consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.38

Culture is the way of life of manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expressions.39 Corder describes culture as sets of beliefs, political or ethical and behavior common to the

36

Alan Cruse. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics, 3rd edition

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 406.

37

Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p. 28.

38

Eugene A. Nida and Ch. R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation. Helps for Translators, (Den Haag: Brill, 1974), p. 12.

39

Peter Newmark. A Textbook of Translation (Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988), p. 5.

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member of community in which they share to a large extent of the way see the world around them, interpret events, and consider what an important to them. Accordingly, culture includes beliefs, norms, values, assumptions, expectations, and plans of action.40

Most cultural terms are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular language and cannot be literary translated…where literal translation would distort the meaning and a translation may include an appropriate descriptive-functional equivalent.41 Therefore, in the process of translation, it is needed to find and convey the meaning of one culture into another culture.

In addition, the example from the difference of culture in deixis translation between Chinese first-person singular deixis and its English counterpart is that Chinese often use I for de-empathizing, with a view to stressing the personal self. With respect to their empathizing and de-empathizing usage, these Chinese first-person singular deixis are defined as pragmatic empathetic deixis which refers to the use of deictic forms to indicate emotional or other psychological distance or proximity between addresser and addressee, whereas the English I in those cases is naturally pragmatic de-empathetic deixis. Compared with English, the Chinese shows a tendency towards putting themselves in a whole community. Chinese can use wo and zan to implicitly indicate a certain community instead of only a detached or completely independent individual. Nevertheless, this practice is indissolubly connected with Chinese culture. In traditional Chinese society, the “self” is never regarded as an independent person, but an entity that is

40

S.Pit Corder. Introducing Applied Linguistics (Great Britain: Hazell Watson 7 Viney, 1973), p. 68.

41

subordinated to a certain community of society which is usually based on “family and blood”. In Chinese culture, people emphasize a lot on collectivism, so the addresser attaches much significance to maintain a friendly interpersonal relationship by means of pragmatic empathy. And that is why in most cases Chinese are inclined to use such kind of sentences as “we think”, “we hold the opinion that” to deliver the addresser’s own viewpoint.42

Chinese zan and wo are general and ambiguous in reference, but the English I tends to be clear-cut and specified to merely refer to the addresser himself. This disparity tells the very difference in the mode of thinking between the Chinese and people in English-speaking countries. In terms of mode of thinking, it is the intuitive integrity that features in the mindset of traditional Chinese culture, while the analytical logic epitomizes that of the western culture. The exchange of pronouns can shape or confirm the power dynamics and solidarity of a relationship, and the use of Chinese self-depreciatory terms just shows another cultural difference between the Chinese ideology of power hierarchy and of Li (politeness) and the western ideology of equality.43

42

Shirong Zhang, et.al., op.cit., p. 1870.

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CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN TRANSLATION

A. The Data Description

This chapter contains the data of deictic terms that was taken from the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version. This novel is the third edition of the Chronicles of Narnia series novel. The English novel is written by C. S. Lewis and published by HarperCollins Children’s Books in 2010. English version is translated by Indah S. Pratidina into Indonesian.

Table 8: Data Description Deictic Terms

Amount Types of Deixis

English Indonesia

He (-nya) 7 Person Deixis

He dia 5 Person Deixis

Her dia 3 Person Deixis

Her kapal 3 Person Deixis

Her Majesty Yang Mulia 5 Person Deixis

Him dia 66 Person Deixis

Him (-nya) 15 Person Deixis

His (-nya) 33 Person Deixis

I (-ku) 15 Person Deixis

I aku 410 Person Deixis

I (ku-) 31 Person Deixis

It dia 62 Person Deixis

It nya 28 Person Deixis

It singa 10 Person Deixis

Me aku 1 Person Deixis

Me (-ku) 16 Person Deixis

My hand (-ku) 110 Person Deixis

Our kita 45 Person Deixis

Our (our person) ku (untukku) 24 Person Deixis

Our world negeri kami sendiri 22 Person Deixis

Ourselves sendiri 1 Person Deixis

Own sendiri 2 Person Deixis

Saving her menyelamatkannya 1 Person Deixis

She nya 5 Person Deixis

She anak perempuan itu 1 Person Deixis

She dia 13 Person Deixis

Their Majesties Ketiga Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

Them (menyukai)nya 2 Person Deixis

Them kita 1 Person Deixis

Them lautan dan daratan 1 Person Deixis

Them mereka 46 Person Deixis

them/'em mereka 3 Person Deixis

Themselves diri mereka 4 Person Deixis

They dua pulau itu 2 Person Deixis

They The Duffer 1 Person Deixis

They mereka 94 Person Deixis

Us kami 29 Person Deixis

Us kita 24 Person Deixis

We aku 2 Person Deixis

We kami 105 Person Deixis

We kita 132 Person Deixis

You kalian 83 Person Deixis

You kau 102 Person Deixis

you (all you) kalian semua 2 Person Deixis

you and I kita 194 Person Deixis

you mean maksudmu 6 Person Deixis

you two kalian 2 Person Deixis

Your kau 45 Person Deixis

Your kita 3 Person Deixis

Your Tuan 2 Person Deixis

Your Good Majesty Yang Mulia 17 Person Deixis

Your Grace Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

Your Lordship Tuan 3 Person Deixis

Your Majesties all Yang Mulia semuanya 2 Person Deixis

Your Majesty Yang Mulia 1 Person Deixis

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your subject rakyatmu 1 Person Deixis

your Sufficiency Yang Cekatan 29 Person Deixis

Yours dunia kalian 3 Person Deixis

Yourself dirimu sendiri 3 Person Deixis

A couple of hours beberapa jam lagi 1 Platial Deixis

A day satu hari 1 Platial Deixis

A few months ago beberapa bulan lalu 1 Platial Deixis

A minute or two dalam satu atau dua

menit 1 Platial Deixis

A morning pagi-pagi 1 Temporal Deixis

A week seminggu 1 Temporal Deixis

A year setahun 1 Temporal Deixis

A year ago setahun berlalu 1 Temporal Deixis

About a hundred and fifty years

selama seratus lima

puluh tahun terakhir 1 Temporal Deixis

After a bit setelah beberapa lama 1 Temporal Deixis

After the New Year setelah Tahun Baru 1 Temporal Deixis

All my life sepanjang hidupku 1 Temporal Deixis

All the time sepanjang waktu 2 Temporal Deixis

An hour's time sejam lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

At night di malam hari 2 Temporal Deixis

At noon today di siang hari ini 1 Temporal Deixis

At noon tomorrow pada siang hari besok 1 Temporal Deixis

Before noon tomorrow

sebelum siang hari

besok 1 Temporal Deixis

Below ke bawah 1 Temporal Deixis

Between teen an ten p.m. On second Saturdays

antara pukul sembilan dan sepuluh malam pada Sabtu kedua

1

Temporal Deixis

Come here kemarilah 1 Temporal Deixis

Daylight siang hari 2 Temporal Deixis

Days and weeks berhari-hari bahkan

berminggu-minggu 1 Platial Deixis

Down below di bawah 1 Platial Deixis

East from here ke timur dari sini 2 Platial Deixis

Every day setiap hari 1 Platial Deixis

Every day at sunset setiap hari saat

matahari terbenam 1 Platial Deixis

Every morning setiap pagi 1 Platial Deixis

Five days more dalam lima hari

Five minutes ago lima menit yang lalu 1 Platial Deixis

For hours berjam-jam 1 Platial Deixis

For one moment selama sesaat 1 Platial Deixis

For ten years selama sepuluh tahun 1 Platial Deixis

For three days selama tiga hari 1 Platial Deixis

For years and years selama bertahun-tahun 1 Platial Deixis From the east in

January and February

dari timur di Januari

dan Februari 1

Platial Deixis

Half a moment tapi tunggu dulu 1 Temporal Deixis

Here di sini 27 Temporal Deixis

Here ke sini 5 Temporal Deixis

Here ini 2 Platial Deixis

Here kini 1 Platial Deixis

Here di sana 2 Platial Deixis

Here sini 3 Temporal Deixis

Here and there sana-sini 1 Platial Deixis

In a minute dalam satu menit 1 Platial Deixis

In the afternoon di suatu sore 1 Platial Deixis

In the daylight di siang hari 1 Platial Deixis

In the days of the White Witch

pada zaman kekuasaan

Penyihir Putih 1 Platial Deixis

In the middle of the

day di tengah hari 1 Platial Deixis

Last night tadi malam 2 Platial Deixis

Last summer musim panas lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Last time terakhir kali 1 Temporal Deixis

Lately akhir-akhir ini 1 Temporal Deixis

Long time sejak lama 1 Platial Deixis

Many a night dalam satu malam 1 Platial Deixis

More than four hundred leagues

lebih daripada empat

ratus league 1 Platial Deixis

Nearly thirtty days nyaris tiga puluh hari 1 Platial Deixis

Next month bulan depan 1 Platial Deixis

Next year tahun depan 1 Platial Deixis

Now sekarang 14 Platial Deixis

Now pada saat itu 1 Temporal Deixis

On a hot day di suatu hari yang

panas 1 Temporal Deixis

On the other side di sisi yang lain 1 Temporal Deixis

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One minute satu menit 1 Platial Deixis

One o'clock pukul satu 1 Platial Deixis

Our days hari-hari kita 1 Platial Deixis

Over and round the lion

di atas dan di sekeliling

si singa 1 Platial Deixis

Quarter of an hour

ago seperempat jam lalu 1 Platial Deixis

Right now sekarang 1 Temporal Deixis

Seven years tujuh tahun 1 Temporal Deixis

Seven years ago tujuh tahun lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Several times beberapa kali 1 Temporal Deixis

Six days ago enam hari lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

Soon tak lama lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

Soon again tak lama lagi 1 Temporal Deixis

That itu 15 Platial Deixis

That ke sana 1 Platial Deixis

The day after

tomorrow esok lusa 1 Temporal Deixis

The end of the world ujung akhir dunia 1 Temporal Deixis

The fourth day hari keempat

perjalanan 1 Temporal Deixis

The late summer musim panas akhir 1 Temporal Deixis

The morning pagi ini 1 Temporal Deixis

The next day hari berikutnya 1 Temporal Deixis

The next moment detik lainnya 1 Temporal Deixis

The night malam ini 1 Temporal Deixis

The other morning pagi lalu 1 Temporal Deixis

The third day pada hari ketiga 1 Temporal Deixis

There negeri itu 1 Platial Deixis

There di sana 16 Platial Deixis

There di depan 1 Platial Deixis

There di sanalah 3 Platial Deixis

This Ini 28 Platial Deixis

Three times tiga kali 1 Platial Deixis

Three years tiga tahun 1 Platial Deixis

Till now hingga sekarang 1 Platial Deixis

Today hari ini 1 Platial Deixis

Today before sunset hari ini sebelum

matarahari terbenam 1 Platial Deixis

Tween nine 'n' ten p.m. Second Saturdya every Month

ntara sembilan dan sepuluh malam pada Sabtu kedua tiap bulan

1

Temporal Deixis

Two days dua hari 1 Platial Deixis

Two or three times a

day dua atau tiga kali sehari 1 Platial Deixis

Up there di atas sana 1 Platial Deixis

Yesterday kemarin 3 Platial Deixis

In this research, the researcher analyzes the terms of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel in English and Indonesian version. To make this analysis clear, the researcher classifies and analyzes the selected of deictic terms. The researcher classifies and analyzes the types of the deictic terms and how the translator translated it by using Yule and Levinson theory.

B. Data Analysis

In this chapter the researcher analyzes the term of deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel in English and translation version. To make this analysis clear, the researcher analyzes the selected data that contain SL and TL culture in using deictic terms.

Data 1

SL: Eustace was silent for so long that Edmund thought he was fainting; but at last he said, “It’s been ghastly. You don’t know… but it’s all right now.

Could we go and talk somewhere? I don’t want to meet the others just yet.” (p. 120)

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TL: Eustace terdiam begitu lama sehingga Edmund mengiranya pingsan, tapi akhirnya dia berkata, “Kejadiannya mengerikan sekali. Kau tidak akan

bisa membayangkan… tapi tidak apa-apa sekarang. Bisakah kita pergi ke

suatu tempat dan berbicara? Akubelum mau menemui yang lain.” (p. 146)

Data (1) above shows person deictic term I. The pronoun I is counted as first singular person deixis. The first singular person deixis is contained as the speaker of the utterance. Here, this person deixis refers to Eustace, because Eustace is the speaker of this utterance, while the addressee is Edmund. Pronoun I

in this utterance is translated into aku in Indonesian. There is a closeness or proximity relation between the speaker and the addressee. Therefore, the translator uses the term aku to translate pronoun I in order to be more communicative to the readers. In first pronoun, English has only one term, it is I,

meanwhile Indonesian has two terms, they are aku and saya. Pronoun aku is used in informal situation, whereas pronoun saya is used to indicate a formal situation. The conversation above is not kind of a formal situation. Eustace and Edmund have cousin relation, and they were in the same age. It makes they talked in the proximity each other. They do not need respect each other, because they are in the same social status. That is why the first singular person deixis I is translated into

aku, not saya.

There is pronoun you is translated into Indonesian become kau. From the explanation above, it can be seen that the addressee is Edmund. Pronoun you as second person deixis is containing the addressee of the utterance. So, second

person deixis you refer to Edmund. Pronoun you is translated into kau, because of proximity between the speaker and the addressee. The translator does not use term

Anda to translate the term you in here, because Eustace and Edmund were cousin and in the same age. They have closeness and familiar each other. That is why the translator uses the term kau to translate pronoun you.

There is pronoun we that is included in this utterance. Pronoun we is kind of first plural person deixis. There are inclusive and exclusive in the first plural person deixis. Inclusive includes the speaker and the addressee. Exclusive includes the speaker and the others. The term of inclusive and exclusive of first plural personal pronoun in English is similar, it is we. But in Indonesian, the term to indicate inclusive we is kita and exclusive we is kami. Here, the term kita is acceptable to translate the inclusive we, because we in here refer to the speaker and the addressee. Besides, Indonesian pronoun kita can refer to first singular pronoun in ethnic language, for example in Batak language, but in this utterance pronoun kita refer to two person, they are Eustace and Edmund. Therefore, the first plural person deixis we in this sentence is translated into kita in Indonesian.

There is pronoun he that translated into dia. This deixis term he is belonging to the narration of author in this novel. So, the speaker is the author. The author uses pronoun he to points toward Eustace. In English, there are two terms to indicate third singular pronoun, they are he and she. He is used to point toward male, but she is used to point toward female. In Indonesian, third singular pronoun is common to use the term dia regarding male or female. Here, pronoun

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Eustace in pronoun, because Eustace is young age. To make this translation more readable, therefore the translator uses the term dia to translate the term he.

From data (1) can be found temporal deixis now. In English, there are proximal and distal terms. The ‘near speaker’ or proximal terms, for example ‘this’, ‘here’, and ‘now’. The ‘away from speaker’ or distal terms, for example ‘that’, ‘there’, ‘then’. Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the deictic center, so that now is generally understood as referring to some point or period in time that has the time of the speaker’s location as its center. Here, temporal deixis now refers to Eustace, because he is the speaker of this utterance. It is also can be seen from the utterance above that Eustace points the term now toward his condition on that time. This temporal deixis now is translated into sekarang in Indonesian. It is common in SL to translate the temporal deixis now into sekarang.

Data 2

SL: “Yes, rather, anywhere youlike,” said Edmund. “We can go and sit on the rocks over there. I say, I am glad to see you– er – looking yourself again.

Youmust have had a pretty beastly time.” (p. 120)

TL: “Ya, tentu, di mana pun kau mau,” kata Edmund. “Kita bisa pergi dan duduk di bebatuan di sana. Astaga, aku benar-benar senang melihatmu –

ngng - kelihatan sepeti dirimu sendiri lagi. Kau pasti mengalami saat-saat

Data (2) above shows pronoun you has translated into kau and suffix -mu.

It is similar condition with pronoun you in data (1), where the speaker and the addressee have a closeness relation each other. It is called proximal in deictic expression. Edmund talked to Eustace and invited him to sit on the rocks. Besides, Edmund and Eustace were cousin, this relation made them familiar each other. The translator uses the term kau to translate you in order to show the proximity of speaker and addressee. The translator also uses suffix –mu to translate see you

become melihatmu. It makes the reader easy to read, than if the translator uses

melihat kau, melihatmu is more readable.

From data (2) above can be seen spatial deixis there and has translated into

di sana. According to Yule on his Pragmatics, he mentions that in spatial deixis is important to remember that location from the speaker’s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. It means that the deictic meaning is always uses the speaker’s perspective as the center. There as physically means distal from the speaker or it is used to show the far distance from the object position. Here, the rocks that pointed by Edmund is away from his position. It is applicable to use the term di sana to translate the term there.

Data 3

SL: “We’re here, we’re here, Caspian,” cried Lucy and Edmund together and,

“At your service, Sire,” piped Reepicheep from another corner. They had

all been sold out but the men who had bought them were staying to bid for other slaves and so theyhad not yet been taken away…. (p. 73)

34

TL: “Kami di sini, kami di sini, Caspian,” teriak Lucy and Edmund bersama -sama, lalu, “Siap melayanimu, Sire,” cicit Reepicheep dari sudut yang lain.

Mereka semua telah terjual tapi orang-orang yang membeli mereka tetap tinggal untuk menawar budak lain, jadi merekabelum dibawa pergi…. (p.

87-88)

Data (3) above shows first plural person deixis we refer to Lucy and Edmund. Here, Lucy and Edmund shouted to Caspian for asking help. They had been offered in a slave market, Caspian is also included, but at that moment Caspian had bought by Lord Bern because of his face similar to the king. It can be seen from the text above that pronoun we is used to refer more than one person and as the speaker of the utterance. In the text above, there is plural person deixis

we is translated into Indonesian become kami. Here, pronoun we is kind of exclusive form, because it includes the speaker Lucy and the other Edmund. It is clearly from the utterance itself that Lucy as the speaker is not included Caspian as the addressee, but she told Caspian, if she and Edmund were there.

There is a term Sire. The term Sire uses to show an honour from a people to his King. Here, Reepicheep called his King, Caspian, with a term Sire and this term is translated into Indonesian become Sire. The translator adapts the term Sire

in order the readers of translation novel feel the same way like original readers. From data (3) is also found pronoun they. They translate into Indonesian become mereka. They is kind of third plural person deixis. They is contained in a narration of the author. Here, the author points they toward Lucy, Edmund, and Reepicheep. The author acted as a story teller, so it makes all characters that

mentioned the name in this narration is third pronoun, except the author himself. The translator uses the term mereka to translate they. It is applicable, because

mereka in SL is also point toward third plural pronoun.

Data 4

SL: Now, gentlemen, lot twenty-three. Fine Terebinthian agricultural labourer, suitable for the mines or the galleys. Under twenty-five years of age. Not a bad tooth in his head. Good, brawny fellow. Take off his shirt, Tacks, and let the gentlemen see. There’s muscle for you! Look at the chest on him. Ten crescents from the gentlemen in the corner. You must be joking, sir. Fifteen! Eighteen! Eighteen is bid for lot twenty-three. Any advance on eighteen? Twenty-one. Thank you, sir. Twenty-one is bid –“ (p. 72)

TL: “Nah, Tuan-tuan, tawaran nomor dua puluh tiga. Pekerja pertanian Terebinthia yang tangguh, cocok untuk pertambangan atau kru kapal

galley. Usianya di bawah dua puluh lima. Tidak ada gigi buruk dalam kepalanya. Orang yang jujur dan kuat. Lepaskan bajunya, Tacks, dan biarkan Tuan-tuan ini melihatnya. Ini dia otot untuk Anda! Lihat saja dadanya. Sepuluh crescent untuk Tuan di pojok. Anda pasti bergurau, Sir. Lima belas! Delapan belas! Delapan belas baru cocok untuk tawaran nomor dua puluh tiga. Ada yang mau menawar lebih daripada delapan belas? Dua puluh satu. Terima kasih, Sir. Dua puluh satu memang sesuai – “ (p. 86)

36

Data above shows the term you as a second person deixis and refers to the gentlemen in the corner. The category of second person is encoding the reference to one or more addressees. The speaker of this utterance is Pug. He was roaring out to sell slave in a slave market and pointed someone that offer ten crescents to buy a slave. Here, someone that pointed by Pug, the gentlemen in the corner, is the addressee. That is why, the second person deixis you in here refers to the gentlemen in the corner. Second person deixis you is translated into Indonesian become Anda. In Indonesian, there are two terms to indicate the second singular pronoun, kau and Anda. Here, the term Anda is used to translate the term you,

because there is only a relation between a seller and a buyer, unfamiliar person. In addition, the translator uses the term Anda in regarding in Indonesian there is a culture to respect a new people or someone in high social status, or even the older person. Here, the speaker as a seller did not know who the buyer is. In order to respect a new people, the translator uses the term Anda to translate the term you.

Besides, the second pronoun you in the utterance aboveis counted into unfamiliar, because the addressee is someone had unknown by the speaker.

Data 5

SL: “Youare too old, children,” said Aslan, “and you must begin to come close to your own world now.” (p.271)

TL: “Kalian terlalu tua anak-anak,” kata Aslan, “dan kalian harus mulai mendekati dunia kalian sendiri sekarang.” (p.339)

Data (5) shows the term you as the second person deixis and refer to Lucy and Edmund. In English, second pronoun is only one, it is you. It is used to singular and plural. In Indonesian, second pronoun for singular are kau and anda,

second pronoun for plural is kalian. Here, pronoun you refer to Lucy and Edmund, because Aslan explained to Lucy and Edmund that they had done ready to face their own world within lessons has received from Narnia. They do not need to come back to Narnia in the future. Pronoun you is used to indicate the addressee of the utterance. It can be seen from the utterance above that the addressees are Lucy and Edmund. Second plural person deixis you are translated into kalian. It can be seen from TL, the term you refer to more than one person. The term you in English can be used to refer one or more than one person and kind of the addressee. Here, pronoun you refer to two persons, Lucy and Edmund. It kinds of plural pronoun, so it is applicable to translate you become kalian.

Data 6

SL: “Same old Felimath! Same old Doorn,” said Lucy, clapping her hands. “Oh – Edmund, how long it is since you and Isaw them last!” (p. 47)

TL: “Felimath masih saja sama seperti dulu! Doorn juga masih sama seperti dulu!” kata Lucy sambil bertepuk tangan. “Oh – Edmund, sudah berapa lama sejak terakhir kali kitamelihat dua pulau itu?” (p. 56)

Data above shows the terms you and I are first plural person deixis. It can be seen from the utterance above that the term deixis you and I refer to Edmund and Lucy. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund.

38

Lucy was mentioned Edmund in her conversation. She was remembering Narnia Islands in the past. Pronoun you and I is translated into kita. The pronoun you in here refer to the addressee Edmund. The pronoun I refer to the speaker Lucy. The terms you and I are kind of inclusive we, because they point toward the speaker itself and the addressee. In TL, the term kita is acceptable to replace it. It does not in a formal condition, that is why the first person deixis you and I is translated

into kita.

Data 7

SL: “I’m beginning to feel very inquisitive about these people,” whispered Eustace to Edmund. “Do you think they’re human at all? More like huge grasshoppers or giant frogs, I should say.”

“It does look like it,” said Edmund. “But don’t put the idea of the grasshoppers into Lucy’s head. She’s not to keen on insects, especially big ones.” (p. 163)

TL: “Aku mulai merasa penasaran tentang orang-orang ini,” bisik Eustace kepada Edmund. “Apakah menurutmu mereka manusia? Aku bisa berkata sepertinya mereka lebih mirip belalang atau katak raksasa.

”Sepertinya memang begitu,” kata Edmund. “Tapi jangan memasukkan bayangan tentang belalang ke dalam kepala Lucy. Dia tidak terlalu suka dengan serangga, terutama yang besar.” (p. 203)

Data (7) above shows third singular person deixis she refers to Lucy. Pronoun she is used to points toward the other and in female gender. The speaker

that mentioned pronoun she is Edmund. The addressee is Eustace. Edmund and Eustace was talking about Lucy who afraid about insects. She refers to Lucy, a female. In the utterance above, pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become

dia. The third personal pronoun she is used to point toward the people or things other than speaker (or researcher) and the person is addressed in singular form. This is a conversation between siblings. Edmund is Lucy’s brother. In TL, it is common to use the term dia to point toward the third person in female gender. That is why the third singular person deixis she is translated into dia.

There is a pronoun it and refers to the Dufflepuds. The term it is used by the author to mention the Dufflepuds. Based on this utterance, Eustace as the speaker, thought that the Dufflepuds are huge grasshoppers or giant frogs. Because when this conversation has uttered, the Dufflepuds has not seen yet. In using pronoun it, there is no singular or plural. Both of singular and plural is common in using the term it. Pronoun it is translated into suffix –nya, and in the TL become sepertinya memang begitu. It is more readable than if the translator translate it with the terms seperti dia memang begitu. These terms are not really communicative to the readers.

Data 8

SL: “Even looking is better than nothing, said Lucy. “And she is such a very Narnian ship.” (p. 15)

TL: “Bahkan sekedar memandang jauh lebih baik daripada tidak sama sekali, kata Lucy. “Lagi pula kapal itu kapal yang sangat khas Narnia.” (p. 16)

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Data (8) above shows third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of a ship. The speaker of this utterance is Lucy and the addressee is Edmund. Pronoun she points toward the other of this utterance. Lucy was talking to Edmund about a picture of a ship in her room. She thought that the ship looks like Narnian ship. That is why the third singular person deixis she refers to a picture of a ship. Pronoun she is translated into Indonesian become kapal. The third personal pronoun she uses to point toward the people or things other than the speaker and the addressee in singular form. Pronoun she is also can be used to refer a ship, vehicle, country, or other inanimate thing regarded as female. Here, the pronoun

she refers to a ship. It is more readable and become communicative for readers to translate this she into kapal.

Data 9

SL: “Three hundred crescents, my Lord, to your honourable Lordship, but to anyone else-“ (p. 54)

TL: “Tiga ratus crescent, Tuan, untuk lord semuliamu, tapi kalau untuk orang lain-“ (p. 66)

Data above shows my Lord as second singular person deixis has translated into Indonesian become tuan. Pronoun my lord can be used before a noun or an adjective as a form of address, showing affection or sympathy, or sometimes lack of patience or superior status. Here, a people talked to a lord and mentioned Lord Bern as my lord. They have a different social status. The lord has the higher social status than a citizen. In TL, to keep the politeness between the speaker and the

addressee, the term my lord is translated into tuan. It can be seen from the utterance itself that the speaker respects the addressee from the term your honourable lordship.

Data 10

SL: And after the Lone Islands?” said Lucy.

No one knows, your Majesty,” answered Drinian. “Unless the Lone Islanders themselves can tell us.” (p. 33)

TL: Dan ada apa setelah Lone Islands?” tanya Lucy.

Tidak ada yang tahu, Yang Mulia,” jawab Drinian. “Kecuali penghuni Lone Islands sendiri bisa memberitahu kita.” (p. 38)

Data above shows the term your Majesty is uttered by Drinian. Your Majesty is point toward Lucy. It can be seen from the text itself. Lucy is a queen of Narnia a few years ago. Indeed, Drinian gives respect to Lucy. Your Majesty is kind of second singular person deixis and has translated into Indonesian become

Yang Mulia. It is applicable to translate Your Majesty into Yang Mulia. Both Your Majesty and Yang Mulia use to give an honor to someone in higher social status. In this case, the honorifics point toward a king of Narnia, Caspian..

Data 11

SL: “Crazy, you know,” said Eustace to Lucy in a low voice, looking at the eastern horizon. “Sailing on and on into that with no idea what we may get

42

to.” But he only said it out of habit, not really nastily as he would have done at one time. (p.138)

TL: “Kau tahu ini gila,” kata Eustace kepada Lucy dengan suara perlahan,

menatap horizon timur. “Berlayar terus menuju ke sana tanpa sama sekali

tahu ke mana kita akan pergi.” Tapi dia mengatakannya tanpa maksud apa

-apa, tidak benar-benar dengan nada menyebalkan seperti yang dilakukannya sewaktu-waktu. (p. 170)

Data above shows spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon. It can be seen from the text itself that Eustace feels hesitate to sailing on with no idea what destination to get to. Eustace pointed and looked to the eastern horizon. That is why the spatial deixis that refers to the eastern horizon. Here, the “distal”

demonstrative that is used as a placeholder for the eastern horizon. In deictic term, it is called distal or away from the speaker. In the text above, there is demonstrative that is translated into Indonesian become sana. The term that

means something that far distance from the speaker. The term sana means something that far from speaker and addressee. The speaker of this utterance is Eustace and the addressee is Lucy. The eastern horizon is far from Eustace and Lucy. That is why the spatial deixis that is translated into sana in Indonesian.

Data 12

SL: “Sire,” said Reepicheep, “this is a place with a curse on it. Let us get back on board at once. And if I might have the honour of naming this island, I should call it Deathwater.” (p. 145)

TL: “Sire,” kata Reepicheep, “tempat ini memiliki kutukan. Sebaiknya kita

segera kembali ke kapal. Dan kalau aku memperoleh kehormatan menamai pulau ini, aku akan menyebutnya Deathwater –Air Kematian.”

Data above shows an utterance by Reepicheep. He talked about a place that he was pointed with demonstrative this. Demonstrative this points toward Deathwater. This is translated into Indonesian become ini. The translator uses the term ini to translate the term this is because demonstrative thismeans “proximity”

location of object position from the speaker. The term ini is used to represent something that near to the speaker. Reepicheep as the speaker of this utterance is located in the Deathwater, the same place with a place that he mentioned. That is why the demonstrative this is translated into ini.

From the utterance above, there is a term us is translated into kita. it is delicate to use the term kita to translate the term us, than use the term kami. It is because us in here was meant by Reepicheep to invite the addressee, not the other. The translator wants to show the closeness between the speaker and the addressee.

Data 13

SL: “But do they dare to talk about you like that?” said Lucy. “They seemed to be so afraid of you yesterday. Don’t they know you might be listening?”

(p. 188)

TL: “Tapi apakah mereka berani membicarakan dirimu seperti itu?” Tanya

Lucy. “Mereka tampak sangat takut padamu kemarin. Tidakkah mereka

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Data above shows temporal deixis yesterday is translated into Indonesian become kemarin. Temporal deixis has three kinds depend the utterance time: they are before the moment of utterance, at the time of utterance, and after the time of utterance. Here, it is common to use the term kemarin to translate the term

yesterday. Yesterday is kind of past tense, before the moment of utterance or indicates a day before today. In the utterance above, there is temporal deixis

yesterday meant by the speaker, Lucy and the addressee is Coriakin, the Magician in the Islands of the Voices. Coriakin has changed the Dufflepuds into unseen, because the Dufflepuds are stupid and can hurt themselves if they can be seen. Lucy helped the Dufflepuds to become seen again, because she was forced and trapped by the Dufflepuds to did it. Temporal deixis yesterday in here indicates to the day before today, when Lucy talked with the Dufflepuds and they looked frightened to Coriakin. That is why the term yesterday uses past tense and has translated into Indonesian become kemarin.

C. Research Findings

Based on the data analysis above, the researcher finds research findings that will answer the research questions. The researcher finds that translation deixis in the novel must depends on the reference. It also shows TL and SL culture play an important role in translating deictic terms.

There is a different culture of English and Indonesian in first plural person deixis. English does not distinguish between inclusive and exclusive in its term, but Indonesian did it. In Indonesian, inclusive we is kita, and exclusive we is kami.

It also shows if second pronoun you and first pronoun I are united, it will become first plural pronoun inclusive we. Therefore, you and I are translated into kita, not

kami. It is more readable to use the term kita than kami in translate you and I. In addition, in the data analysis is also found term us. The term us is translated into Indonesian become kita. The term kita is used to show the proximity of speaker and addressee.

First singular person deixis I is translated into aku in informal situation. It is used to show the proximity of the speaker to the addressee. There is a closeness or proximity relation between the speaker and the addressee. The translator uses the term aku to translate pronoun I in order to be more communicative to the readers.

There is a different culture in second person deixis. In English, second person deixis is only you. It can refer to singular or plural, or even formal and non-formal situation. In Indonesian, to indicate second singular person deixis, the translator uses kau and Anda, whereasto indicate second plural person deixis, the translator uses kalian. Aku is used in informal situation and shows the proximity of speaker and addressee, but Anda is used in formal situation and shows the distal of speaker and addressee. The using of Anda can be called honorifics. In Indonesian culture, Anda is used by the lower status when talking to the higher status or to give respect to the addressee or a new people.

Third singular person deixis in English is different with Indonesian. In English, third singular person deixis is divided into male and female. He is used regarding male and she is used regarding female. But, Indonesian does not

48 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

From this study, the researcher concludes that culture plays an important role in translating deictic terms. The difference of cultures between English and Indonesian is important in translating deictic terms in order to give a communicative translation to readers.

In translating deixis in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel, English and Indonesian occasionally have different terms to indicate deixis. There are proximity and distal of reference into object that influence the translation of novel. In order to make a communicative reading, the translator uses a various terms to translate deictic terms from English into Indonesian. The various terms are used by translator to get the translation appropriate to the target culture and acceptable for the target readers. There is also honorifics that occurs, especially in Indonesian culture. The honorifics is used to show an expression to indicate higher status.

Readability and acceptability of the translation are important especially in novel. This research tries to show that translator should concern on reader’s interest toward her translation by choosing the appropriate terms.

B. Suggestions

Through this study, the researcher suggests that the translator has to recognize the reference of deictic terms which included the speaker, place, and

time of deictic terms that occurs. The translator also has to understand the culture of original and translation version of novel. The researcher also suggests to the readers who are interested to analyze deixis in translation to learn several theories and read many references that related to topics.

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52 APPENDICES