22 content analysis as the research method. According to Berelson 1952, content
analysis is a research technique for the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication. Krippendorf 2004 states
content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts or other meaningful matter to the contexts of their use. Works of art,
images, maps, sounds, signs, symbols, and even numerical records may be included as data and may be considered as texts. In this research, British National
Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English became the source of recorded communication of written and spoken language. The results of this
research would be presented in the form of description. Thus, the descriptive approach was also applied in this research.
B. Research Setting
The researcher conducted the research from September 2012 until April 2013. The researcher collected the data on-line. There were two corpus sites taken
as the sources of data collection. The main sources to collect the data in this research were British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American
English. The place in conducting the research was the library of Sanata Dharma University.
C. Data Source
The data analyzed in this research were the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink. This research also focused on the concrete example uses
of the verb drive, fly, and sink containing metaphorical meanings found in the British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English. The
23 researcher noticed the occurrence of the meanings of the metaphors with drive
through the expression “You drive me mad” found in the British National Corpus.
The occurrence encouraged the researcher to conduct further research on the meanings of the metaphors with drive. As the result, the researcher found several
expressions containing metaphorical meaning of the verb drive. In addition, the researcher found similar expressions in Corpus of Contemporary American
English. Based on the finding, the researcher added the verb fly and sink as the data analyzed.
Since the recorded data in British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English might appear too wide, the researcher decided to
take restricted data. The researcher took 200 expressions from British National Corpus and 200 expressions from Corpus of Contemporary American English for
each verb. Since this research had three verbs namely drive, fly, and sink, the total expressions taken as the data source were 1,200 expressions.
Krippendorf 2004: 113 argued when researchers analyze a sample of texts in place of a larger population of texts, however, the researchers need a
sampling plan to ensure that the textual units sampled do not bias the answers to the research question. Thus, the 1,200 expressions were selected and classified
based on the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink conveyed in the expressions. The expressions which did not have metaphorical meanings were left
since the expressions did not have use in this research. Meanwhile, the expressions containing metaphorical meanings became the valid data to be used in
this research.
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D. Data Gathering Technique
In this research, there were two steps in gathering the data in this research. The first step was conducting cluster sampling in gathering the raw data. The
researcher collected the data using sampling technique since the numbers of the population are unknown. According to Krippendorf 2004, the probability that a
particular unit would be included in an analysis depends on the size of the chosen cluster. Furthermore, every unit had the same chance of being included in the
sample. In this research, the numbers of the sample were restricted. The researcher took 200 expressions from British National Corpus and 200 expressions from
Corpus of Contemporary American English for each verb as the raw data. The second step was selecting the data in order to get the expressions
containing metaphorical meanings as the settled data. From 1,200 collected expressions, the researcher selected the expressions containing the meanings of
the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink. The researcher left the expressions which did not have metaphorical meanings since the expressions did not have function
for this research. Then, the expressions containing the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink were classified based on each the meanings of the
metaphors with drive, fly, and sink.
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Figure 3.1 British National Corpus Website
The previous figure was the appearance of British National Corpus site. In the window, there wa
s a “look up” column. In order to find expressions collected in British National Corpus library, the researcher typed the keyword. For each
typing, there will be 50 expressions randomly appeared which contained the keyword. British National Corpus provided code for each expression in which
enables the researcher to track the source of the data. The next figure was the result of the keyword typing.
