Metaphor Identification Procedure Theoretical Description

17 Table 2.1 The Ontological and Epistemic Correspondences i Ontological correspondences Source: HEAT OF FLUID Container Heat of fluid Heat scale Pressure in container Agitation of boiling fluid Limit of container’s resistance Explosion Target: ANGER Body Anger Anger scale Experienced pressure Experienced agitation Limit of person’s ability to suppress anger Loss of control ii Epistemic correspondences Source: HEAT OF FLUID When fluid in a container is heated beyond a certain limit, pressure increases to the point at which container explodes. Controlled release of pressure may occur, which reduces danger of explosion. Target: ANGER When anger increases beyond a certain limit, “pressure” increases to point at which person loses control. The research notices that the mapping from source to target domain is partial.In the ANGER IS HEAT OF FLUID IN CONTAINER metaphor concept, there is possibility that some aspects of HEAT OF FLUID IN CONTAINER do not have correspondence with the aspects of ANGER. As an example, HEAT OF FLUID IN CONTAINER may have “cooking” aspect of boiling and simmering inwhich “cooking” aspect has no correspondence in the ANGER domain.The difference in intensity between boil and simmer in a heated liquid carries over to indicate corresponding differences in degree of anger in to boil with anger and to simmer with anger. From the explanation, the researcher concludes that a conceptual metaphor cannot be reduced to a finite set of expressions. 18 The existence of a conceptual metaphor explains why new and imaginative extensions of the mapping can be understood instantly. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 illustrate the case using a line from a song. We are driving in the fast lane on the freeway of love. According to Lakoffand Johnson 1980, the expression contains LOVE IS JOURNEY metaphor concept. In the expression, loversterm is parallel with travelers. The relationship is the vehicle to carry on their love. The shared experience as lovers is the journey that they go through together. When lovers drive in the fast lane, they go a long way and have a lot of shared experiences in a short time. The moment can be exciting and dangerous, as the relationship may not last or the lovers may be hurt emotionally. There are a lot of metaphors discussed by Lakoff which are fully naturalized in the language or at least established. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 argue that the success of such a metaphor is a function of the richness of the image-schematic correspondences between the two domains. The researcher assumes that interpreting the naturalized metaphor seems to be a matter of selection of existing readings rather than generation using metaphorical strategies.

9. Metaphor and Context

There are a lot of researchers who believe that the context influences the meanings of the metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 state that conceptual metaphors represent ways of thinking, in which people typically interpret abstract concept in terms of more easily understood and perceived concrete entities. The example is the interpretation of abstract concepts such as time, emotions, and