Domain Concept Theoretical Description

20 sorts and determines whether the expression has metaphorical meaning or not. In this phase, the theory of Stern 2000 will be the bases.According to Stern 2000, there are four steps needed in order to discriminate between the words used metaphorically and literally. The first step is to read the entire text-discourse to establish a general understanding of the meaning. The second step is to determine the lexical units in the text-discourse. The third step is establishing the meaning of each lexical unit in the text in context. This step analyzes how it applies to an entity, relation, or attribute in the situation evoked by the text or contextual meaning. In the last step, if the contextual meaning is contrasts with the basic meaning but can be understood in comparison with it, the lexical unit can be marked as metaphorical. In this first phase, the researcher will get the collection of expressions containing metaphorical meanings and can continue the research to the next phase. The second phase is conducted after the researcher gets the valid data of the expressions containing metaphorical meanings. The researcher will classify the collected expressions based on each metaphorical meaning. In this phase, the researcher interprets the metaphorical meaning into literal meaning. In order to get the precise literal meaning, the researcher consults the dictionaries. In this research, the dictionaries which are consulted are Oxford Advanced Learne r’s Dictionary and Cambridge Advanced learner’s Dictionary. The result of those phases will be the first finding in this research. The collected expressions containing metaphorical meanings will be used to solve the second research problem. 21 2. Concrete example uses of the verbs containing metaphorical meanings In order to answer the second problem dealing with the concrete example uses of the verbs containing metaphorical meaning, the theory of Lakoff and Johnson 1980 will be functioned as the bases. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 state metaphor involves three essential aspects. The aspects are source domain, target domain, and a set of mapping relations or correspondences. The researcher has to find those three aspects in an expression in order to get the metaphor concept. The other theory will be added to support the finding. Kovecses 1986 proposes the types of domains correspondences, namely ontological which involves entities in the two domains andepistemic which involves relations of knowledge about the entities. The theory of Kovecses 1986 will be used to illustrate the metaphor concept occurred in the expressions. 21

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into six sections. The first section is research method implemented to conduct the research. The second section is research setting which explains the setting where and when the research was conducted. The third section is data source containing the work analyzed in the research. The fourth section is data gathering techniques. The fifth section is data analysis technique which describes the ways how the findings are analyzed to answer the research questions. The last section is research procedures summarizing the steps in conducting the research.

A. Research Method

According to Leech 1983, pragmatics study is the study of meaning in relation to speech situations. Since the meanings of the metaphors dealt with the context of the expressions, the pragmatics study will be conducted in this research. The metaphor phenomenon can be studied more in pragmatics since metaphor is one of scopes in pragmatics. Pragmatics study will give insight of how utterances have meanings in situations. Since this research focused not only on the specific numbers of meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink occurred in British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English but also on the concrete example uses of drive, fly, and sink containing metaphorical meanings in British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English, the researcher used