44
Table 4.5 The Correspondences between INSANITY and ANGER
Ontological correspondences Source: INSANITY
Mental state Experienced Pressure
Limit of person’s resistance Extreme action
Target: ANGER
Anger scale Experienced pressure
Limit of person’s ability to suppress anger
Loss of control Epistemic correspondences
Source: INSANITY When the extreme felling is
pressed to a person and surpasses beyond the
person’s limit of resistance, the feeling causes the person
to act in extreme manner.
Target: ANGER When anger increases
beyond a certain limit, “pressure” increases to point
at which person loses control.
The expressions clearly stated the insanity by using terms nuts and crazy caused by anger. The terms showed the high level of the emotion. In those
expressions, the correspondence of ANGER and INSANITY was that they gave the same negative feeling to the owner.
The other emotion concept which was applied in the expression containing metaphorical concept was lust or sexual desire. Commonly, the context of lust
dealt with romance fiction. The researcher also found that the conceptualization of lust was expressed dominantly in two metaphorical sources which were fire or
heat and hunger or eating. In this research, the source domain which represented the lust was different from heat or hunger. The next expression would give a
picture of the metaphor concept. 4
A voice inside him was saying „drive like buggery if you know whats good for
you‟.HTU 1713, BNC
45 The metaphor concept of the expression was LUST IS INSANITY. The
source domain in that expression was INSANITY, whereas the target domain from that expression was LUST. The correspondences between the source domain
and target domain would be illustrated in table 4.6.
Table 4.6The Correspondences between INSANITY and LUST
Ontological correspondences Source: INSANITY
Serious feeling Mentally ill
Target: LUST Strong
Sexual desire Epistemic correspondences
Source: INSANITY When a person considered
as insane, he achieves serious mental ill.
Target: LUST When strong feeling builds
up in the person, the limit will be surpassed.
The source domain was INSANITY which was marked by the term drive like buggery
. The term buggery literally meant one type of uncommon sexual activity. That was the reason why the term buggery represented the insanity. The
target domain from that expression was LUST. The researcher found that the correspondence of the source domain and target domain was the strong emotion
dealt which were dealt with sexual desire. Kovecses 2000 provided another example of expression containing LUST IS INSANITY metaphor concept. The
expression was she had turned him into raving maniac. The source domain in that expression was INSANITY which was marked by the term raving. The term
raving had the meaning of extreme. The target domain of the expression is LUST.
The target domain was marked by the term maniac. The researcher consulted Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary and found that maniac could mean a
person who had a very strong interest in particular activity. In this case, the
46 activity dealt with sexual desire. The correspondence of those domains was that
the extreme level of activity that both domain carried. The emotion concepts of anger, love, and lust could be applicable to all
expressions containing metaphor concept as long as the expression showed some relations with emotion.
2. The Concrete Example Uses of Fly Containing Metaphorical Meanings in
BNC and COCA
The meaning of fly based on Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary was when a bird, insect or aircraft flied, it moved through the air.
Based on Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the meaning of fly was of a
bird, bat, or insect moved through the air using wings. Also, based on Webster‟s
New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary , fly meantmove or pass through the air by
wings. However, the researcher only provided one concrete example uses of the verb fly since most expressions using the term fly dealt with moving object. The
researcher provided two expressions containing metaphor concept in which each metaphor taken from British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary
American English.
5 Doesnt time fly when youre enjoying yourself?HWN 2993, BNC 6 Wow those double periods really fly by On those days, when the time
escapes all the learners in…. COCA Those expressions conveyed the TIME IS MOVING OBJECT metaphor
concept. The source domain of those statements was MOVING OBJECT and the
47 target domain was TIME. The correspondences between the source domain and
target domain would be illustrated in table 4.7.
Table 4.7 The Correspondences between MOVING OBJECT and TIME
Ontological correspondences Source: MOVING OBJECT
Front-back orientation Motion
Target: TIME
Front orientation Forward motion
Epistemic correspondences Source: MOVING OBJECT
Moving object receives front-back orientation in
which the object can move forward or backward.
Target: TIME The time receives only front
orientation which means time only moves toward the
future.
The source domain of those statements was MOVING OBJECT and the target domain was TIME. Moving object generally received front-back orientation
in which the front was in the direction of motion. The correspondence of the TIME IS MOVING OBJECT metaphor concept was that the time received a front
orientation facing in the forward direction of motion, like any moving object
would. 3.
The Concrete Example Uses of Sink Containing Metaphorical Meanings in BNC and COCA
The meaning of sink based on Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary
was to cause something or someone to go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance. Based on Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary
, the meaning of sink was to go down below the surface of something, especially of a liquid become submerged. Also, based on
Webster‟s New Explorer
48 Encyclopedic Dictionary
, sink meant to go to the bottom. In this research, there were two metaphor concepts presented by the researcher. The first metaphor
concept dealt with the life and story.
7 You were quite happy to sink yourself in the role I gave you. HA6 1192, BNC
That expression held the LIFE IS A STORY metaphor concept. The source domain of the metaphor concept was A STORY whereas the target domain
was LIFE. The correspondences between the source domain and target domain
would be illustrated in table 4.8. Table 4.8 The Correspondences between A STORY and LIFE
Ontological correspondences Source: A STORY
Short story Character
Directed plot
Target: LIFE
Long-life story Person
Directed plot Epistemic correspondences
Source: A STORY A story requires short
amount of time in which the character of the story and
the plot are directed by the mind master.
Target: LIFE Life lasts long and the
person becomes the character of the story in
which the plot is directed by God.
The source domain of the metaphor concept was A STORY and the target domain of the metaphor concept was LIFE. The correspondence between a story
and life was that everyone’s life was structured like a story. Someone’s life was
viewed as a story in which existed various complexities. The next metaphor concept dealt with the meaning of sink itself. Since the
meaning of sink was related with going down below surface, there was the
49 negative feeling existed such as sad. The researcher took an expression containing
metaphor concept as the concrete example uses from British National Corpus. 8
Its grey buildings, mainly guest houses displaying „Vacancies‟ at netted windows, looked bad enough but with a leaden sky and a seafront virtually devoid
of life, apart from one or two hopefuls trying to find shelter from driving rain, it
was almost guaranteed to sink ones spirits. A89 728, BNC
In that expression, the metaphor concept was SAD IS DOWN. The source domain was DOWN whereas the target domain was SAD. The correspondences
between the source domain and target domain would be illustrated in table 4.9.
Table 4.9 The Correspondences DOWN and SAD
Ontological correspondences Source: DOWN
Object Motion
Lower position
Target: SAD Person
State of emotion Worse
Epistemic correspondences Source: DOWN
Down indicates the object to move from above into the
surface or towards lower position
Target: SAD Sad shows the changing
feeling of a person in which the state of emotion
becomes worse.
In that expression, the source domain was DOWN whereas the target domain was SAD. The correspondence between those domains was that sad was
considered as negative feeling. Being parallel, the term down also had the negative feeling since down could be considered as reduced in amount.
From the results, the researcher found three metaphor concepts in expression containing term drive. The metaphor concepts found in expression
containing term drive were LOVE IS MADNESS, ANGER IS INSANITY, and
50 LUST IS INSANITY. The metaphor concept found in expression containing term
fly was TIME IS MOVING OBJECT. Also, there were two metaphor concepts
found in expression containing term sink presented in this research, namely LIFE IS A STORY and SAD IS DOWN.Most concrete example uses were found from
British National Corpus. The reason might be because British National Corpus provided the code for each expression. The code enabled the researcher to track
the expression sources and get the completed text in order to understand the context of the expression. Thus, the researcher was able to interpret the most
appropriate metaphor concept.
