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Figure 3.4 The Result of COCA Cluster Sampling
Figure 3.4 showed the example of keyword typing result. Corpus of Contemporary American English provided pages in order to keep the data
organized. Each page consisted of 100 expressions. The existence of the same recorded expression could be prevented since the data was kept in organized way.
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E. Data Analysis Technique
The data analysis technique was conducted after the settled data had been collected. The data analysis started at the collection steps. There were four steps
applied in the data analysis namely collecting the data, reducing, inferring, and narrating. Those steps adopted the idea of Krippendorff 2004, who proposed that
the appropriate components in conceptualize the data in content analysis design consisted of unitizing, sampling, recording, reducing, inferring, and narrating.
1. Collecting the data
In this step, the researcher collected 1,200 expressions by conducting cluster sampling. The researcher took 200 expressions from British National
Corpus and 200 expressions from Corpus of Contemporary American English. 2.
Reducing The researcher eliminated the collected expressions which did not have
metaphorical meanings. The expressions containing metaphorical meanings were classified based on the metaphorical meaning of the verb drive, fly, and sink.
3. Inferring
Since inferring step relied on analytical construct or models, the researcher consulted theory of Lakoff and Johnson 1980, also the theory of Lakoff and
Kovecses 1987 in order to find the most appropriate metaphor concept occurred in each expression.
4. Narrating
This was the last step of data analysis technique. In this step, the researcher presented the result of data analysis in the form of in-depth description.
30 This step was conducted to answer the research problems. By narrating the result
of the data analysis, the researcher made the findings comprehensible to the readers.
F. Research Procedure
In this section, the researcher described the steps taken as the research procedure. There were six steps taken in conducting this research.
1. Selecting the research problems
The researcher was interested to conduct this research after finding an expression containing metaphorical meaning in British National Corpus. The
researcher found that the phenomenon of metaphor was quite oblivious since the phenomenon blended naturally in everyday language. Thus, the researcher
selected two research problems in this research. The research problems are research problems are 1 What are the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly,
and sink? and 2 What are the concrete example uses of drive, fly, and sink containing metaphorical meanings in British National Corpus and Corpus of
Contemporary American English? 2.
Selecting and classifying the data The researcher collected the data from British National Corpus and Corpus
of Contemporary American English. The raw data was collected through cluster sampling in which each expression contained the verb drive, fly, and sink. The
researcher sorted the expressions based on the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly,
and sink conveyed in the expressions. The researcher took the expressions containing the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink as
31 the settled data. The researcher interpreted the metaphorical meanings occurred in
each expression based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and Cambridge
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. After the settled data found, the researcher classified the expressions based on the metaphorical meanings. The expressions
which had the same metaphorical meaning were assigned into one group. 3.
Identifying the metaphor concept In this step, the researcher analyzed the concrete example uses of drive,
fly , and sink containing metaphorical meanings in British National Corpus and
Corpus of Contemporary American English using the theories of Lakoff and Johnson 1980. This step aimed to discover the metaphor concept in the
expressions. The expressions which were made as the examples were restricted. The examples functioned to give a picture how the metaphor concept was formed
in an expression. 4.
Presenting the result The results of the research were presented in the form of in-depth
description. There were two results found in this research. The first result dealt with the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink. Meanwhile, the
second result dealt with the concrete example uses of drive, fly, and sink containing metaphorical meanings in British National Corpus and Corpus of
Contemporary American English 5.
Making conclusion The last step taken in this research was drawing the conclusion. The
conclusion summarized the findings of the research. The conclusion dealt with the
32 meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink, also the concrete example
uses of the verb containing metaphorical meanings. In this section, the research also provided recommendations in conducting further research related with
metaphor phenomenon.
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the discussion of the meanings of the metaphors with drive, fly, and sink. The second part is the
discussion of the concrete example uses of drive, fly, and sink containing metaphorical meanings in British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary
American English.
A. The Meanings of the Metaphors withDrive, Fly, and Sink
This section was conducted to answer first research objective which isthe meanings of the metaphors withdrive, fly, and sink by applying two phases. The
first phase was collecting the expressions which have metaphorical meanings. The researcher sorted and determined whether the expression had metaphorical
meaning or not. In this phase, the theory of Stern 2000 would be the bases.According to Stern 2000, there were four steps needed in order to
discriminate between the words used metaphorically and literally. The steps were to read the entire text-discourse to establish a general understanding of the
meaning, to determine the lexical units in the text-discourse, to establish the meaning of each lexical unit in the text in context, and to mark the expressions as
metaphorical or not. The second phase was conducted after the researcher obtained the valid
data of the expressions containing metaphorical meanings. The researcher classified the collected expressions based on each metaphorical meaning. In this
