18 The existence of a conceptual metaphor explains why new and imaginative
extensions of the mapping can be understood instantly. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 illustrate the case using a line from a song.
We are driving in the fast lane on the freeway of love. According to Lakoffand Johnson 1980, the expression contains LOVE IS
JOURNEY metaphor concept. In the expression, loversterm is parallel with travelers. The relationship is the vehicle to carry on their love. The shared
experience as lovers is the journey that they go through together. When lovers drive in the fast lane, they go a long way and have a lot of shared experiences in a
short time. The moment can be exciting and dangerous, as the relationship may not last or the lovers may be hurt emotionally.
There are a lot of metaphors discussed by Lakoff which are fully naturalized in the language or at least established. Lakoff and Johnson 1980
argue that the success of such a metaphor is a function of the richness of the image-schematic correspondences between the two domains. The researcher
assumes that interpreting the naturalized metaphor seems to be a matter of selection of existing readings rather than generation using metaphorical strategies.
9. Metaphor and Context
There are a lot of researchers who believe that the context influences the meanings of the metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 state that conceptual
metaphors represent ways of thinking, in which people typically interpret abstract concept in terms of more easily understood and perceived concrete entities. The
example is the interpretation of abstract concepts such as time, emotions, and
19 feelings in terms of concrete entities such as places, substances and containers. In
the interpretation process, a lack of appropriate background knowledge can lead language learners to misunderstand the associations of the metaphorical meanings
contained in the expressions.Stern 2000 adds that requisite condition to apply is necessary for defining the semantic structure or meaning of the metaphorical
expression. In this research, the metaphor interpretation will be contextual-issue- based, not just utterance-based. The metaphor interpretation will be guided by
specific issues raised by context in a broader sense. As one of many methods in metaphor interpretation, Martin 1949 suggest to detects metaphors by comparing
new sentences with an empirically collected metaphor knowledge base and gives some interpretation of metaphorical sentences. The method will prevent fatal
misinterpretation since the same word can be used metaphorically to express many different meanings depends on the contexts. Even the word may express
different metaphorical meaning in the context of the same sentence as uttered by different speakers on different occasions.
B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theories used to achieve the findings of this research will be organized in the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework summarizes the theories
form certain researchers. There are two basics theories in this section. 1.
Meanings of the metaphors with verbs In order to answer the first research problem dealing with the metaphorical
meanings behind the verbs, the researcher conducts two phases. The first phase is collecting the expressions which have metaphorical meanings. The researcher
