how good the classroom interaction is. The more the classroom interaction, the better the teaching and learning process.
Based on the explanations above, it can be concluded that teaching is a process of guiding and facilitating students to learn or to promote growth in the
students‟ behavior.
3. English Language Teaching
In communicative approach, learning a language means using the language to communicate contextually: monologue-dialogue, oral-written, receptive-
productive, and interpersonal-transactional. It means that language teachers should be able to cover those aspects in teaching certain language to students.
They should be able to motivate, facilitate, and guide students so that they can learn how to use the language in real communication. In other words, the focus of
second language teaching is on the teaching language for the ultimate goal of communication with other speakers of the second language. Such a focus has
centered on speaking and listening skills, on writing for specific communicative purposes, and on “authentic” reading texts Brown, 1994:226. Bachman 1980
in Brown 1994: 227 proposes a Language Competence Schema which describes the competences that a language learner should master.
Table 2.1. Language Competence Schema Bachman schematization is the modification of Canale and Swain‟s
definition of communicative competence. Bachman places grammatical and discourse renamed “textual” competence under one node which he calls as
organizational competence. It includes all rules and systems that dictate the language learners can do with the forms of language, whether they be sentence-
level rules grammar or rules that govern how they string sentences together discourse. Pragmatic competence covers functional aspects of language
illocutionary competence, or, pertaining to sending and receiving intended meanings and sociolinguistic aspects which deal with such considerations as
politeness, formality, metaphor, register, and culturally related aspects of language. And, in keeping with current waves of thought Bachman adds strategic
competence as an entirely separate element of communicative language ability. There are four characteristics of communicative language teaching
proposed by Brown 1994: 245: 1 classroom goals are focused on all of the components of communicative competence and nit restricted to grammatical or
Language Competence
Organizational Competence
Grammatical Competence
Textual Competence
Pragmatic Competence
Illocotionary Competence
Sociolinguistic Competence
linguistic competence, 2 language techniques are designed to engage learners in the pragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purposes, 3
fluency and accuracy are seen as complementary principles underlying communicative techniques, 4 in the communicative classroom, students
ultimately have to use the language, productively and receptively, in unrehearsed contexts.
As stated in PP 192005 that the characteristics of an effective teaching and learning process are active, innovative, creative, effective, and fun, language
teachers should be able to create such condition in order to attain the goal of language learning. An active teaching and learning process is teaching and
learning process in which the students are involved intensively. In the context of language teaching, an active teaching and learning process is shown by the
activeness of the students in using the language to communicate. Innovative teaching and learning process means that the teaching and learning process makes
use of recent teaching and learning model, such as role play, focus group discussion, task-based instruction, inquiry-based learning, and problem-based
learning. Creative teaching and learning process is teaching and learning process which uses various activities. Those various activities should be suited with
students‟ competency, teaching material, teaching method, and evaluation. While an effective teaching and learning process is teaching and learning process which
is able to develop students‟ competency described in standard competence, basic competence, and indicator. Last but not least, a fun teaching and learning process
is teaching and learning process which stimulates students to be motivated to learn the language.
4. Effective Teachers
