skills through study, experience, and instruction which may lead to a change in behavior.
2. Theories of Teaching
Learning cannot be separated from teaching. When people talk about learning, they, directly or indirectly, also talk about teaching. Brown states that
learning cannot be defined apart from teaching. “What is learning and what is teaching and how do they interact? Learning
is acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or instruction. Similarly, teaching, which is implied in the
definition of learning, may be defined as showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of
something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand
Brown, 1994:7.” In teaching, teacher helps the students to master certain skills or learn
certain knowledge. He guides his students, facilitates the learning, enables the learners to learn, and sets the situations to be conducive for learning itself.
Teacher‟s understanding of his learners will determine their philosophy of education, teaching style, approach, methods, and classroom techniques that will
be used. Brown‟s opinion about teaching is supported by Nathan Gage 1964: 269.
In Brown Gage noted that “to satisfy the practical demands of education, theories of learning must be „stood on their head‟ so as to yield theories of teaching. When
there are the learners who learn, there should be someone who teaches them. Therefore when there are people who are learning in one side, there must be
others who are teaching in the other side. When a teacher is teaching his students, he tries to help his students to understand certain topics. He provides them with
examples, instructions, or guidance in order to make his students learn the material easier. As a part of the teacher‟s effort to promote students‟ learning, he
also provides the students with such condition that make the students be motivated in learning.
Penny Ur 1996: 4 states that teaching is intended to result in personal learning for students, and is worthless if it does not do so. It means that teaching is
hoped to make the students understand the process of learning so that they can take their responsibility to learn. On the other hand, she says that the concept of
teaching is understood as a process that intrinsically and inseparably enclosed with learning. Her opinion indicates that teaching is always related to learning.
Teaching is also concerned with a process. When a teacher is teaching his students, he arranges some steps or actions he should do when he is teaching. The
main goal of teaching is not only students‟ academic result but also the development of students‟ personality. Arends 2001: 56 emphasizes teaching as a
process of attempting or promoting growth in students. The intended growth here may be far reaching, such as developing a completely new conceptual framework
for thinking about science or acquiring a new appreciation for literature. In relation to this, Anderson and Burns 1989: 7 in Elliot et al, 1999: 6 state:
“teaching can be considered as a process, since teaching involves action”. Teaching can also be regarded as an interpersonal activity, since teachers interact
with one or more students. Teachers should monitor all of the students and give attention to each of them as big as they need. Teachers should interact with their
students. The quality of the teaching and learning process can be determined by
how good the classroom interaction is. The more the classroom interaction, the better the teaching and learning process.
Based on the explanations above, it can be concluded that teaching is a process of guiding and facilitating students to learn or to promote growth in the
students‟ behavior.
3. English Language Teaching
