is teaching and learning process which stimulates students to be motivated to learn the language.
4. Effective Teachers
Teachers are the key point in determining the teaching quality. Effective teachers will teach their students effectively. Students tend to like teachers who
are close and care with them. Students will like teachers who are kind to them more than those who are not, even though they are smart teachers. As a result,
students will be more active in a class when the teacher who is teaching is the teacher they like.
Arends 1997: 5 states: “effective teachers seek authentic relationship with their students, have positive disposition toward knowledge,
comman d a repertoire of teaching practices, and are reflective problem solvers.”
Another definition of effective teachers comes from David Ryan. Ryan defines effective teachers as those who are “fair, democratic, responsive,
understanding, kindly, simulative, original, alert, attractive, responsible, steady, poised, and confident” Ryan Cooper, 1984: 305-6. It means that an effective
teacher is always fair to his students. Fair does not always mean give the same amount of something, but fair means give as big as they need. As a teacher, he
should know that students are born with different character he should face. He should also be democratic. An effective teacher is always wise in facing any
suggestions from other people for him because he understands that those suggestions will improve his teaching quality. He gives response to his students in
a positive way as a result of his understanding towards students‟ behavior.
Students having effective teachers tend to have good achievements. It may happen because the teachers have effective ways to conduct a good teaching.
They plan their lesson and are prepared to what might happen to their class. An effective teacher always starts each new lesson by previewing the last lesson. The
teacher gives a brief explanation related to the topic in the previous lesson. The students are also given chances to ask if there are still some difficulties they have
in understanding the topic. This activity is very important to do because students might have difficulties in learning the previous lesson which might be related to
the next topic they are going to learn. It is hoped that by doing this activity, it will be easier for the students to understand the topic that they are going to have.
An effective teacher also states the objective of the lesson before the teaching and learning process takes place. By doing so, the teacher expects that
the students will be stimulated to prepare themselves with their background knowledge they have related to the topic they are going to have so that they will
be easier to understand. Another characteristic of an effective teacher is that he transfers the new material by presenting it in step by step. It is important to do
because by presenting the lesson step by step, the teacher will be put at ease in delivering the material because he has organized what he is going to tell to the
students. This also avoids the untold materials which usually happen when the teacher does not present the lesson in step by step. He needs also to give
understandable instruction and explanation to his students. Although a teacher has presented his lesson step by step, it is no use if the students do not get what the
teacher means. Therefore the teacher should minimize this possibility by giving an understandable instruction and explanation.
The students need time to practice what their teacher has explained to them. In this case, a teacher has a duty to give the students chances to do it. It can
be in the form of written and oral exercise. The problem which then might come arise is that there are some students who are not confident to contribute
themselves in the oral exercises. A teacher should draw their interest in participating in the exercise by giving them numerous questions that they have to
answer. The teacher‟s questions can also be used to check how far the students learn.
Rosenshine and Stevens in Crowl, Kaminsky and Podell 1997: 365 have conducted a study about teaching strategies and they found 10 characteristics of
an effective teacher. a.
starts each new lesson by previewing the last lesson Teacher starts the meeting by previewing the topic they had before.
This can be done through giving a brief explanation about the previous material or by giving chances for the students to ask what they have not
understood about the previous material. b.
states the objectives of the lesson Stating the objective before the teaching and learning process run is
important. It stimulates the students to prepare themselves with the
background knowledge they have related to the topic they are going to learn.
c. transfers the new material by presenting step by step
Teaching with ordered steps anticipates the teacher from any possible missing material while he is running the teaching and learning process.
Sometimes teacher do what i s called as “jumping”. He doesn‟t present
the material in a good order so that the students get confused with what the teacher is really talking about. By presenting the material step by
step, it is hoped that this problem will not happen. d.
takes understandable instructions and explanations Students sometimes do not understand the instructions or explanations
their teacher gives. They have no idea with what the teacher is trying to say. It is good for the teacher to give instructions or explanations with
words which are familiar to the students so that the students will understand the instructions or explanations better.
e. provides much time for students to practice
The goal of language learning is to make the students to be able to use the language. Students are hoped that by the end of the learning
process, they will be able to apply what they have already got, in this case the language. Teacher, as the facilitator, should provide chances
for the students to use their language.
f. gives numerous questions
In the management of learning, questions fulfill numerous functions in the classroom. By asking questions, the teacher can elicit information,
check students‟ understanding, or control students‟ behavior. g.
conducts warming up activities Teachers can
draw students‟ interest in learning a certain subject by conducting warming up activities. This kind of activity can be done
through many ways. Some of the ways teachers usually use are by giving questions related to the subject or by doing games with the
students. h.
gives feedback and corrections Making mistakes is a healthy part of the learning process. Mistakes and
its correction can provide the learner with valuable information on the target language. The teacher should consider when and how he will
give feedback and corrections to students‟ mistakes.
i. provides explicit instructions for seatwork
The ability to provide clear instructions is an important management skill for all teachers. Clear instructions are critical to the success of
classroom tasks and exercises.
j. carries out test weekly and monthly
Periodic test is needed to know how far students learn. The information that the teacher needs about students‟ understanding related to certain
materials can be obtained by conducting this activity.
5. General Principle of Effective Teaching and Learning
