Function of Metaphorical Expression

characteristic of this function is the implicit intention that indicates direction, suggestion or expectation. 3. Direction The used of metaphorical expression has the function to influence the behavior or attitudes of others. The characteristic of this function is shown by command and request, instruction, threat or question. This function of social control places emphasis on the listener‟s end, rather than the speaker‟s end of message. 4. Phatic The used of metaphorical expression has the function to maintaining social bonds. The characteristic of this function is by keeping the communication lines open between social members speaker and listener and keeping the social relationships in good condition. 5. Aesthetic The used of metaphorical expression has the function to creating artistic effect. Systematization of this analysis began with finding and collecting metaphorical expression through selecting the metaphorical linguistic expression that leads to analyzing set of mapping between source domain and target domain. It is these mappings that provide much of the meaning of the metaphorical linguistic expression that make a particular conceptual metaphor manifest. The result from mapping process will be adjusted with the experiential bases knowledge and limited to the context situation in which inaugural addresses delivered to receive the meaning and also its function. 23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS A. DATA DESCRIPTION In this research, the technique of data collecting is using bibliography technique. The data are collected by using written sources from the transcript of four inaugural addresses. There are 35 data found in the transcript and after the process of random sampling, 18 of them consist of 8 data from Bush and 10 data from Obama, were picked up as the chosen data that will be analyzed in this chapter. The 18 data will be classified based on the 9 concepts that are found from the mostly represent the data. The data will be analyzed by using qualitative method with explaining the mapping process to convey the similarities in each concept that lead to understanding the meaning based on the metaphorical expression. The theory of conceptual metaphor from Lakoff and Johnson will be applied in the analysis. This theory indicates the concepts which obtained from the mapping process and the mapping process also lead to the meaning of metaphorical expression. The last analysis is function of metaphorical expression that will be analyzed by using Leech theory consist of five functions of metaphorical expression. Identification of meaning in metaphorical expression will use dictionary Oxford Learner‟s Dictionary as the reference. This reference is to find the lexical meaning and compare with contextual meaning from metaphorical expression which contained in the text speech. Table 3.1 Metaphorical expression, Conceptual metaphor, and Meaning From George W. Bush and Barack Obama Inaugural Addresses No Metaphorical expression Speech Source Conceptual metaphor Meaning Function 1. And to all nations, we will speak for the values that gave our nation birth Bush, 2001 NATION IS PERSON Freedom and liberty Aesthetic and information 2. And I can pledge our nation to a goal: When we see that wounded traveler on the road of Jericho, we will not pass to the other side Bush, 2001 NATION IS PERSON Knowing Aesthetic 3. We remain a young nation , … Obama , 2009 NATION IS PERSON Existed in long time Direction 4. Our economy is badly weakened … Obama , 2009 CRISIS IS SICK Crisis situation Information 5. An economic recovery has begun Obama , 2013 CRISIS IS SICK To enhance economic situation Information 6. Our founding fathers faced with perils … Obama , 2009 NATION IS FAMILY Leader of a nation Information 7. … the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people. Obama , 2009 NATION IS FAMILY Leader of a nation Direction 8. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storm . Obama , 2009 PROBLEM IS STORM Current situation of nation Aesthetic and information 9. …let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come … Obama , 2009 PROBLEM IS STORM Nation‟s problem Aesthetic and expression 10. And then there came a day of fire Bush, 2005 FIRE IS ATTACK 911 Attack Aesthetic 11. By our efforts we have lit a fire as well; a fire in the minds of men Bush, 2005 SPIRIT IS FIRE Resistance of attack Aesthetic and information 12. And one day this untamed fire of freedom will reach the darkest corners of our world Bush, 2005 SPIRIT IS FIRE Revolution Information 13. And even after nearly 225 years, we have Bush, 2001 LIFE IS JOURNEY The long process of freedom Aesthetic long way yet to travel . 14. So, let us mark this day in remembrance of who we are and how far we have travel . Obama , 2009 LIFE IS JOURNEY The long journey of Black people Expression 15. Now, it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations. Bush, 2001 RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING Influence other nation Aesthetic 16. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict … Obama , 2009 RELATIONSHIP IS PLANTING Spread conflict Aesthetic

17. Much time has passed

since Jefferson arrived for his inauguration. Bush, 2001 TIME IS PERSON Past Information 18. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit … Obama , 2009 TIME IS PERSON Happened Information B. DATA ANALYSIS The analysis begins with conceptual metaphor categorization using capital letters which is the outcome of the classification from metaphorical expression that consisted in metaphorical text. Then, analysis continues with the mapping from source and target domain of conceptual metaphor that lead to the analysis of meaning and its function.

3.1 NATION IS PERSON

There are three data represent the concept NATION IS PERSON. The conceptual metaphor NATION IS PERSON is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical expression found in data card number 3, 4 and 32.

a. Datum 1 no. 3:

“And to all nations, we will speak for the values that gave our nation birth . ” Explanation: In datum 1 the metaphorical expression nation birth described that the nation reflected as a person. Officially, birth is used to explain the very beginning process of a person‟s life, but here the metaphorical expression „birth‟ is used to „nation‟ which nation is obviously not a person. Nation has the similar process, in which comprehended as a person‟s birth experience. NATION and PERSON are two things that have different conceptual domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these two. Birth is the beginning part of a person‟s life understood as the same starting point of nation‟s life. The target domain NATION is conceived in source domain PERSON. NATION is constructed as a person and conceptually can experience the same process as PERSON do. The metaphorical expression nation birth here does not literary mean the birth of a nation, but the existence of something in the nation. Based on the context, the nation birth means the existence of liberty, because America is strongly believe in freedom and liberty. It is seen from the previous explanation of Bush statement saying that America will strive against other nation which does not support freedom and liberty. Bush also emphasized that America will only accept cooperation with other nations that give a big opportunity to America‟s freedom. Moreover, Bush also assumed that America gives a great contribution in history especially in freedom, because America is the land where everyone escapes from their homeland across the ocean seeking for liberty.