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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
Research about metaphor has been analyzed by many people, such as Ida Vestermark entitled Metaphors in Politics: A Study of the Metaphorical
Personification of America in Political Discourse . This paper observed the
conceptual metaphors of personification in American inaugural addresses, for what the metaphor are used and what do they suggest to the audience. The
analysis proved that all presidents used metaphors in personalizing America to activate the emotions of the listener. The analysis also revealed the importance
of interpreting metaphors based on the context, because sometimes the language not always interprets metaphorically.
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The same theory has been used by a student of Indonesian Studies in University of Indonesia, Eko Prasetyo Rahardjo entitled Metafora
Pengungkapan Cinta Pada Pantun Melayu, which observed the metaphor of
love expression from a chapter of Malay Pantun named “Cinta yang Berjaya”. The objective of the analysis is to identify the metaphorical terms of love
expression and describe the relation between source and target domain by using conceptual mapping. The analysis discovered that metaphorical
language which describe abstract things and difficult to explain can be much more understandable. Identified words and phrases also explained metaphor
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Ida Vestermark, Extended Essay: “Metaphors in Politics Essay; A Study of The
Metaphorical Personification of America in Political Discourse”, Department of Language and Culture, Luleå University of Technology, 2007.
that used by Malay society. Context of culture may influence the mapping process of conceptualization of metaphorical phrases from Bahasa Indonesia
with the theory based on English which has a different language and culture background from Bahasa Indonesia.
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Another analysis about metaphor wrote by Aizul Maula, a student of English Letters in State Islamic University Jakarta, the research is a
comparative analytical study about the translations of metaphors in the Holy Qur‟an, using the concept from James Dickin that divide the types of
metaphor and the techniques of translations to find how metaphors in the Holy Qur‟an are translated into English by the four translators. The analysis resulted
that the five techniques from four English translators of the Holy Qur‟an are accurate in one verse, but inaccurate in the other verse because of their variety
of background. The beautiful form of metaphor sometimes lost when it is translated into sense only. It is not always guaranteed that one technique
would be the best for translating metaphor without any classification.
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Not so different from the previous analysis, Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, a student of English Letters in State Islamic University Jakarta, also focused on
types and added the meaning explanation of metaphor and metonymy in the Breaking Dawn
novel using Lakoff and Johnson theory to show how metaphorical and metonymical expressions may give understanding deeper
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Eko Prasetyo Rahardjo, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “Metafora Pengungkapan Cinta
Pada Pantun Melayu”, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, University of Indonesia, 2009.
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Aizul Maula, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “A Metaphor Translation of The Holy Qur‟an: A Comparative Analytical Study”, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011.