than literal one because they are more expressive and evokes a particular sense which can help the readers to conceive what the author means. This research
concluded the usage of metaphor is not completely different from the literal meaning because it is just the matter of meaning extension.
13
The last analysis wrote by Bintarti Mayang Sari, with the title Metafora Dalam Pidato Charles De Gaulle Pada Perang Dunia II.
The analysis focused on metaphor categorization and its meaning from an
independence speech delivered by a French politician named De Gaulle, using Lakoff and Johnson conceptual metaphor theory to show how a politics
speech can be easier to understand by the listener and also can be easier to deliver by De Gaulle to share his concepts and point of view toward the actual
situation in France. In this analysis, there are several concepts of metaphor used by De Gaulle to made French societ
y easier to access De Gaulle‟s message. Metaphor in his speech showed the concept of his state of mind as a
leader of French, toward the complicated actual situation in World War II to achieve real independence.
14
The previous researches above haven‟t mentioned the function of metaphorical language; therefore this is the obvious reason why this research
will be seen as newer and interesting research to analyze.
13
Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy on Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel Breaking Dawn”, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011.
14
Binarti Mayang Sari, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis: “Metafora Dalam Pidato Charles De Gaulle Pada Perang Dunia II”, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, University of Indonesia,
2012.
B. Concept
1. Discourse Analysis
According to Untung Yuwono: “Wacana adalah kesatuan makna semantis antarbagian di dalam suatu
bangun bahasa. Wacana dilihat sebagai bangun bahasa yang utuh karena setiap bagian di dalam wacana itu berhubungan secara padu.”
15
Based on opinion above the definition of discourse is a complete unit of language, it is more than text or stretch in written or utterance. It consists
of more than one sentence and those sentences combine to form a meaningful whole. In a meaningful form, discourse can be seen as a
complete set of language, because each sentences or each part of discourse related coherently. Therefore, discourse can be easily understood because
of the coherent sentences combination that leads into meaningful form. Discourse analysis is concerned with the knowledge about
language beyond the word, clause, phrase and sentence that is needed for successful communication. Therefore, the main focus of discourse analysis
is both to show and interpret the relationship between the meanings and purposes expressed through discourse.
16
Discourse usually refers to a form of language use, public speeches or more generally to spoken language or
15
Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, Multamia RMT Lauder Ed., Pesona Bahasa; Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
2005. p.7
16
David Nunan, Introduction to Discourse Analysis, London: Penguin Books, 1993. p. 7
ways of speaking. However, language use is not only limited to spoken language but also in written language, communication and interaction,
textbooks and others which refer to the same meaning. Communicative event is the function aspect that embodies in discourse. That is the reason
why people use language to communicate their ideas or beliefs or to express emotion as part of more complex social events.
17
However, sometimes we found metaphorical expression in some discourse in order to gain successful communication especially in speech.
The used of metaphor as a tool to uncover people‟s idea, attitudes, and values can be observe through discourse analysis.
18
It is because the used of metaphor expression has an attractive function to avoid the listener
getting bored easily by using indirect expression. Also, in discourse studies, metaphor attracts to be analyzed about how we see and understand
something in reality through language.
19
Lakoff and Johnson viewed metaphor as a cognitive device for understanding or experiencing one kind
of thing or experience in terms of another. For instance, in the sentence
that cost me a lot of time,
we can see that time is often viewed as economic factor; the TIME IS MONEY metaphor is illogical in that sentence since
“time” which consider as abstract concept can be understood as “money”
17
Teun A. Van Dijk, Discourse as Structure and Process, London: Sage Publications, 1997. p. 2
18
Lynne Cameron; Maslen, Robert; Todd, Zazie; Maule, John; Stratton, Peter and Stanley, Neil, The Discourse Dynamics Approach to Metaphor-Led Discourse Analysis and
Symbol Journal Article, The Open University, 2009. p. 3
19
Jan Renkema, Introduction to Discourse Studies, Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing, 2004. p. 252
which has more concrete concept. This metaphor in discourse attracts the reader or listener because it has unusual way to communicate but still has
the same meaning as the usual way. Moreover, in understanding a concept of metaphor it needs context to support the idea of the metaphor concept
that leads to understand the meaning. Context refers to an ever-widening set of factors that accompany
language in use. Context is the other characteristic of the social situation or communicative event that systematically influence text or talk.
20
There are two types of context. The first is the linguistic context, the language that
surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis. The second is the non-linguistic or experiential context within which discourse
takes place.
21
Non-linguistic context include: the type of communicative event for instance joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation; the topic;
the purpose of the event; the setting, including location, time of day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation for instance, size of
the room, arrangement of furniture; the participants and the relationships between them; and the background knowledge and assumptions
underlying the communicative event. In the case of discourse analysis, the main purpose is to show and to interpret the meaning and purposes which
expressed through discourse.
20
Ibid. p. 3
21
David Nunan 1992 , Op.cit. p.8
