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participants must understand the language being used and are not play-acting or being nonsensical. The second pre-condition is content condition e.g. a promise in
that the content of the utterances must be about the future course of action. The third pre-condition is preparatory condition, for instance when someone promises
to do something, there are two preparatory conditions namely the events will not happen by itself and will have a beneficial effect. The next pre-condition is
sincerity condition for example a promise, the speaker genuinely intends to perform the future action. The last condition is essential condition which covers
the fact that by uttering a promise, the speaker intends to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised.
5. Context
Context belongs to an important aspect in pragmatics since pragmatics deals with the meaning of words in context or interaction and how the persons involved
in the interaction. According to Nunan 1993, context is the situation giving rise to the discourse and within which the discourse is embedded. Contexts can be
divided into two types. They include linguistic and non-linguistic contexts. Linguistic contexts refer to the language that surrounds a part of discourse being
analyzed meanwhile non-linguistic contexts are related to the discourse within. Non-linguistics context may consist of communication types, topics, purposes,
settings, participants, and shared background knowledge of a certain event. Also, Context can be classified into context of situation and context of socio-cultural.
They are explained below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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a. Context of Situation
Context of situation plays an important role in communication. It refers to what speakers know about what they can see around them Cutting, 2002. In
addition, Hymes in Wardhaugh 1986 states that there are many factors involved in speaking. They are described as ethnography of a communicative event which
is relevant with understanding how a particular communicative event achieves its objectives. The first factor is Setting and scene S. Setting deals with the time and
place. In other words, it has something to do with the concrete physical circumstances in which a speech occurs. Meanwhile, scene is the abstract
psychological setting. The example of setting and scene is: a graduation speech will have a joyful scene whereas the inaugural speech of USA President will have
a serious one within a certain setting. The second factor is Participants P. This enables many different
combinations between speakers and listeners, addressers and addressees, or senders and receivers. Generally, they meet particular socially specified roles for
instance: teachers and students, doctors and patients, parents and children and the like. The third factor is Ends E. This deals with the conventionally recognized
and expected outcomes of an exchange. Also, it is related to the personal goals that participants pursue to accomplish on certain events e.g. in a courtroom, each
person has personal goals to achieve since the court process involve many participants such as the jury, the judge, the prosecutor, the witness, the accused,
and the defense. The fourth factor is Act of sequence A. This deals with the actual form and content of what is said. This may include how precise the words
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are used, how the words are used, and how the relationship between what is said and the actual topic being discussed is. For instance: in a public lecture, each
participant has their own sense of act sequence to follow the system of language and things discussed within. The fifth factor is Key K. It includes the tone,
manner, or spirit in which a certain message is delivered e.g. serious, humorous, sarcastic, light-hearted, gesture, posture, and even deportment. The sixth factor is
Instrumentalities I. Instrumentalities are related to the choice of channel, for example oral, written, telegraphic, and the actual form of speech employed such
as the language, code, dialect, or register. The next factor is Norms of interaction and interpretation N. This refers to
specific behaviors and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them e.g. loudness, silence, gaze
return, and the like. The last factor is Genre G. It is clearly a demarcated type of utterances. This includes poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, lectures, prayers, and
etc. They are different from casual speeches for instance church services to conduct sermons, colleges’ public lectures, poems reading and etc.
In relation to context, Holmes 1992 states that contexts should be viewed from several relevant and helpful factors. Holmes 1992 adds that linguistic
choices generally reflect the influence of one or more on the following: 1 the participants, 2 The setting or social context of the interaction, 3 the topic being
talked, and 4 The function of speaking. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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b. Context of Socio-cultural
Another type of context is socio-cultural context. This influences the linguistic choices of the speakers. With regard to this, Malinowski in Halliday and
Hasan 1986 says that the context of culture refers to the institutional and ideological background which provides value and contains an interpretation. For
instance, one says X that will be considered as rude in a particular group of conversation but X may not be considered as rude in another group of
conversation because both groups of conversation may have different cultures. Any linguistic interaction involves the whole cultural history of the
participants and the kind of practices they engage in. In short, it is not sufficient if people only take into account the context of situation and ignore the cultural
context.
6. Language of Politics
