Limitation of the problems

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B. Limitation of the problems

The utterances produced by people may have both literal and implied meaning. The implied meaning is often tied with the context. With regard to this, the hearers will have different interpretations. This phenomenon is called pragmatics. According to Widdowson 1996, pragmatics refers to what people mean by the utterances they produce. In addition, Yule 1996 states that pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This theory is very useful for analyzing the utterances produced by the speakers. This research is conducted under the theory of Pragmatics. There are many issues which can be investigated under the scope of pragmatics. They include deixis, presupposition, cooperative principles, implicature, speech acts and the like. Yule 1996 states that deixis refers to pointing by using a language. There are three types of deixis namely person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Person deixis is used to indicate people, spatial deixis is used to indicate location and temporal deixis is used to indicate time. All deictic expressions are much influenced by the contexts that the speakers and the hearers have shared together. The second issue is presupposition. Presupposition is an assumption implicitly produced by speakers and hearers that are necessary for the correct interpretation of utterances. In other words, it has something to do with the speaker ’s assumption before producing utterances. According to Finch 2000 presupposition is the necessary preconditions for statements to be true e.g. My cat was run over yesterday. This sentence is assumed for the truth condition of I have a cat. In addition, Yule 1996 states that presupposition refers to the relationship PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 5 between two propositions, that gives precondition to be true statements although the statements are negated. The third issue deals with cooperative principles. These principles describe how hearers interpret speakers intentions. According to Grice 1975, cooperative principle is a kind of agreement between speakers and listeners to cooperate in communication to make efficient conversation. In addition, Grice 1975 classifies the cooperative principles into four conversational maxims which include the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The maxim of quantity emphasizes that speakers should be as informative as possible. Some people often give much information to the hearers. This causes boredom to the hearers. On the other hand, some other people tend to give too little information so that the hearer may not catch the messages delivered by the speakers. With regard to this, the speakers should fulfill the maxim of quantity in order that the information given is not too much or too little. Moreover, the maxim of quality is treated as speakers are expected to say something corresponding to the reality. In this case, speakers are assumed not to say something that they believe to be false or lack of evidence. Some speakers often draw the hearer’s attention to the fact that they say what they believe to be true and that they lack adequate evidence. The next maxim is the maxim of relation. It says that speakers are assumed to say something that is relevant to what has been uttered before. The last maxim is the maxim of manner. This maxim suggests that people should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity. 6 The fourth issue is concerned with implicature. The notion of implicature has become one of the central concepts in the study of pragmatics. Implicature has something to do with implied meaning of utterances. Yule 1996 points out that implicature is an additional conveyed meaning or something that is more than just what the words mean. He adds that implicature is a primary example of more being communicated than is said. In addition, Grice 1975 stresses that an utterance may imply a proposition, statements which are not part of the utterances and do not follow necessary consequence of the utterances. These implied statements are called as implicatures. Furthermore, Grice 1975 distinguishes between what is said by speakers and what is implied. He classifies implicature into two i.e. conversational and conventional implicature. Conventional implicature deals with the standing meaning of certain linguistic expression. Meanwhile, conversational implicature refers to a non-conventional implicature based on an addressee’s assumption that the speakers follow the conversational maxims. The fifth issue is related to speech acts. Every utterance produced by the speaker always carries actions. This is referred to speech acts. Nunan 1993 says that speech acts are simply things people do through language, for instance apologizing, complaining, instructing, agreeing, and warning. Furthermore, Yule 1996 says that actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts. They agree that speech act is an utterance that replaces an action for particular purpose in certain situation. 7 Many experts provide different categorization of speech acts. Austin 1962 proposes three different levels of action beyond the act of utterances. They consist of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Meanwhile, According to Searle in Leech 1983, the classification of illocutionary acts is based on various criteria. Searle in Finch 2000 divides speech act into five main types including representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. Furthermore, Leech categorizes speech acts into competitives, convivials, collaboratives, and conflictives. The last issue may deal with context. Context plays important role in pragmatic analysis since pragmatics is concerned with the meaning of words in relation to its context. Finnegan et. al. 1997 states that the significant element in the interpretation of an utterance is the context in which the language is uttered. Therefore, analyzing the meaning of utterances cannot neglect the context because the meaning of utterance will be different when the context is different. In addition, Leech 1996 states that context helps understand the meaning of an utterance because the speaker and the addressee share their background in understanding their utterances through the context. Also, a context may provide deeper meaning of utterances. With regard to the issues presented above, this research only limits the analysis on the speech acts especially illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s selected speeches. Also, the research analyzes the context underlying the speech in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the speech as well as the possible effects of the dominant illocutionary acts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8

C. Formulation of the problems