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researcher has selected two theories as the basis of the analysis to find the answer of the research questions. They include speech acts and contexts.
The theory of Speech Acts may serve as an appropriate basis for the analysis of the selected speeches. The Speech Acts theory is selected as the
linguistic framework for the analysis of the two Speeches due to the fact that people perform various actions through the use of words. When utterances are
produced, a particular act is performed. With regard to speech acts, many linguists such as Austin 1962, Searle 2005, and Leech 1996 have proposed different
classifications of speech acts. However, the idea of classifying the speech acts are similar. They are presented in the following table.
Table 1. The Speech Act’s Classification Proposed by Austin 1962, Searle
2005, and Leech 1996 Austin’s Classification
of Speech Acts Searle’s Classification of
Speech Acts Leech’s Classification
of Speech Acts
1. Locutionary
1. Utterance acts
1. Competitive
2. Illocutionary acts
2. Propositional acts
2. Convivial
3. Perlocutionary acts
3. Illocutionary acts
3. Collaborative
a. Representatives
4. Conflictive
b. Directives
c. Commisives
d. Expressive
e. Declarative
The idea of speech acts was firstly initiated by Austin 1962. In reference to the table above, Austin 1962 categorizes speech acts into locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. While, Searle 2005 has classified into utterance, propositional and illocutionary acts. Utterance acts share similar ideas
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as locutionary acts as proposed by Austin. Meanwhile, the propositional and illocutionary acts have the same ideas as illocutionary and perlocutionary acts
proposed by Austin 1962. The difference is that Searle 2005 makes detail elaboration in classifying illocutionary acts which consist of representatives,
directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. In this case, Searle’s classification of speech acts is the development of Austins. Meanwhile, Leech
’s categorization is based on social goals of establishing and maintaining community
which comprises of competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive This study comes up to employ the speech act theories suggested by
Austin 1962 and Searle 2005 to analyze the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. It adopts Austin’s theory in order to describe the illocutionary
acts and perlocutionary acts. These acts are utterances which have a certain conventional force. It can also be said that illocutionary act refers to what one
does in saying something. Meanwhile, a perlocutionary act is performed with the intention of producing further effects.
The speech act theory suggested by Searle 2005 is employed to analyze detail of the illocutionary acts which include assertives or representatives,
directives, commisives, expressives, and declaratives. The theory of speech acts proposed by Austin1962 and Searle 2005 were selected as the basis for
analysing the data in this research since they provided comprehensive and detail elaboration of the cases. Also, many researchers and linguists have employed
those theories as a basis for research data analysis. The researcher did not use Leech’s 1996 theory since it is too narrow and only focuses on social goals.
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Instead of using the theory of speech acts for the basis of analysis, this research also employs a theory of context especially to answer the second and
third research problems. The researcher used the theory of context proposed by Nunan 1993. In this case, contexts can be classified into two namely linguistic
and non-linguistic contexts. Linguistic contexts deal with the language which surrounds the discourse being analyzed while non-linguistics contexts consist of
communication types, topics, purposes, settings, participants, and shared background knowledge of a certain event.
Non-linguistics contexts contribute to answer the research questions. The first element of non-linguistics context is communication types. The
communications types of the research objects analyzed in this study is a monologue in the form of speeches delivered by Jokowi in two different events
namely APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on East Asia. The second element is topics. The topics of the speeches deal with the field of
economics such as “Advancing Regional Economic Integration, Promoting Innovative development, Economic Reform and Growth and Strengthening
Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure Development. The next element of non-linguistics context is purposes. The events where the speeches were
delivered had some purposes. The purposes of the APEC CEO Summit are to discuss Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and
cooperation meanwhile the World Economic Forum on East Asia aimed to explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation and advance
critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic development. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The next element of non-linguistics context include settings, participants, and shared background knowledge. The settings deal with time and place of an
event. In this case, the APEC CEO Summit forum was held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. This event was attended by 1500 APEC Economic Leaders,
CEOs and leading thinkers. Meanwhile, World Economic Forum on East Asia was conducted in Shangri-La Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia from 19 to 21 April 2015.
This event was attended by 700 participants from more than 40 countries, including 180 CEOs and chairpersons, and 40 ministers and international
organization representatives. In addition, the shared background knowledge of the particiants and speakers is related to the bussiness and economics.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborates the steps involved in the study. It consists of the type of study, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, research instruments,
and the trustworthiness of the data. The type of study discusses the approach used in this research. Meanwhile, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and
instruments discuss how the data are collected and analyzed using research instruments. The last section in this chapter discusses how the validity of the research
data is achieved. Each section is presented below.
A. Type of study
This study is categorized as descriptive qualitative because the nature of the study is targeted to describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi
’s speeches, the reasons of performing such illocutionary acts viewed from its context
and the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant types of illocutionary acts. According to Bogdan and Biklen 1982, qualitative research has some
characteristics. Firstly, it is naturalistic. Qualitative research has actual settings as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument. Researchers enter and
spend considerable time in schools learning about educational concerns. Although some people use video tape equipment and recording devices, many go completely
unarmed save for a pad and a pencil. Secondly, qualitative research is descriptive. The collected data take the forms of words or pictures rather than numbers. The data
