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audience by saying good morning. Also, Jokowi performs the act of greeting to open the speech. He greets the audience by saying
“Ladies and Gentlemen”. After greeting, he moves directly to the topic that he wants to deliver.
The other type of expressive acts found in Jokowi’s speech is saluting.
He mentioned your excellencies to address the audience in between his speeches. Jokowi rarely performs this act. This shows that he seldom paused his speech by
saluting the audience. In other words, he focused on delivering his messages to the audience by describing and informing.
Expression of feeling also belongs to the category of expressive acts found in the speeches. In reference to the research findings, Jokowi expressed his
feeling of optimism when delivering speeches. The following is the datum that shows the expression of feeling.
I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I
would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.Datum II. No.5 Based on the datum above, Jokowi wants to show the audience that he
is very optimistic because he believes that China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership. This condition provides great benefits to the other countries in the
Asian continent including Indonesia.
B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed from the Context of Situation
Context is an important aspect in language since it helps understand the utterances produced by the speakers. The speeches analyzed in this research were
delivered in different events i.e. APEC CEO Summit 2014 and World Economic PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Forum on East Asia speech. Therefore, understanding the background information of the events
could help explore Jokowi’s reasons in performing the illocutionary acts. The description about the events is presented below.
The first event where Jokowi delivered his speech is APEC CEO Summit. This event is Asia-
Pacific’s premier business event, drawing economic leaders and senior business figures from the region and beyond. It was initiated in 1996.
The APEC CEO Summit 2014 was held in Beijing just prior to the annual APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, and is the most important business event in the
APEC Leaders’ Week. The theme of the APEC CEO Summit 2014 is “New Vision for Asia Pacific: Creativity, Connectivity, Integration, Prosperity”. Under
this theme, the Summit brought together APEC Economic Leaders and over 1500 regional and global business executives for a wide ranging discussion on the
global economic outlook, regional integration, innovation, infrastructure, and finance Jiang, 2014.
Jiang 2014 adds that the APEC CEO Summit 2014 provide opportunities for the CEOs to: 1 find insights, inspiration and business opportunities through
the Summit; 2 participate in international policy-shaping discussions on trade and investment; 3 network with international high-level business executives and
thought leaders; and 4 dialogue with APEC senior officials. The second event is the World Economic Forum on East Asia WEF-EA.
In reference to the official website of the event 2015, WEF-EA an International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation committed to improving the state of
the world. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. It was established in 1971 as a not-for-profit foundation and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
It is independent, impartial and not tied to any special interests. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while
upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is at the heart of everything it does.
The activities are shaped by a unique institutional culture founded on the stakeholder theory, which asserts that an organization is accountable to all parts of
society. The institution carefully blends and balances the best of many kinds of organizations, from both the public and private sectors, international organizations
and academic institutions. East Asia continues to be the world’s economically fastest-growing region
and its most populous. Projected to maintain an average growth rate above 7 in 2015, it boasts some of the world’s most prosperous economies such as Australia,
China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea. East Asia is further bolstered by the phenomenal rise of its emerging markets, including Indonesia, Myanmar and
Vietnam. Underscoring this economic success, the region is now preparing for the launch of the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015, heralding a new
era in the free movement of people, goods and services across a contiguous economic bloc of 10 countries with over 600 million people.
At the same time, waning trust between key players and geopolitical tensions present new challenges to East Asia’s regionalism and carry the risk of
undermining future economic growth, compromising poverty reduction and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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detracting from shared prosperity. Additionally, hyperconnectivity and innovations present inspiring opportunities as much as ominous challenges.
Ongoing resource scarcity, environmental degradation and shifting societal values further exemplify the pressures that will require renewed trust in public and
private sector institutions, as well as much-improved dialogue between government and business to address these short-term and longer-term challenges.
Marking a return to Indonesia after three years, the 24th World Economic Forum on East Asia was held in Jakarta just months after the inauguration of
Indonesia’s third democratically elected government under the leadership of President Joko Widodo.
Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the largest Muslim- majority democracy, 10th largest economy and a member of the G20. In this
context, the meeting will be an ideal platform for senior decision-makers from different sectors to explore how enhancing trust can improve regional cooperation
and advance critical decisions for accelerating sustainable socio-economic development.
In reference to context above and the research data, Jokowi performed the illocutionary acts such as assertive, directives, commisives, and expressives due to
many different reasons. The first type of illocutionary act is assertive which include informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The reasons
of performing each type of assertive acts are elaborated as follows. Jokowi performs the act of informing because he is the new President of
the republic of Indonesia. As a new president he has a lot of programs that should PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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be socialized. In this case, APEC CEO Summit and World Economic Forum on East Asia become the right forums for Jokowi to inform the audience about the
nation’s agenda that he has formulated. The reason of performing convincing act is that Jokowi wants to let the
audience know that there will be many big projects he has planned. This may open the opportunity for the investors to collaborate with Indonesian government in
realizing the projects. This is presented in the following data. In 5 years we want to build 24 seaports and deep seaports. As you know,
we have 17,000 islands, so we need seaports and we need deep seaports. And this is your opportunity: 24 seaports and deep seaports. The picture
shows our Jakarta Port, Tanjung Priok port. In 2009, the capacity is 3.6 million TEUs a year, and our plan in 2017 is around 15 million TEUs a
year. This is the potential ports in Indonesia. Datum I. No 19-24 In reference to the data above, the act of convincing is presented in the last
sentence This is the potential ports in Indonesia. This act was performed when
Jokowi described about ports that he wanted to build during his five-year administration ahead. He targeted to build 24 seaports and deep seaports.
Another datum showing the act of convincing is Again one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. Datum II. No.27. Based on the
context of situation, Jokowi performs this act because he wants to show his optimism that he can lead Indonesia to be able to actively engaged in the global
arena with all the streghts that Indonesia have. Based on the context of situation, Jokowi performs the act of questioning
because he wants to provide a detail explanation about sea toll because sea toll is a new term that Jokowi utilized to refer to maritime transportation system.
Therefore, the audience may get clear picture about what it looks like. This may PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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attract the audience to do investment in the development of sea toll in Indonesia. This act is shown in the datum below.
What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient.
Datum I.No.63 Further analysis shows that Jokowi performed the act of questioning
because of two reasons. Firstly, he wanted to make his speech attractive since questioning might be used as a strategy to grasp the audience atention. Therefore,
the speech was not flat. Secondly, he wanted to put an emphasis on a certain issue. They are supported by the data below.
Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?Datum II. No.10 Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to
change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our
country.Datum II. No.11 After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked,
will the Indonesian people survive? Datum II. No.25
In reference to the data above, Jokowi said: ”Will the Indonesian survive?”. Through this interogative sentence, Jokowi wants to stress Indonesia
could survive amidts the crisis although many have understimated Indonesia. The reason of performing the act of describing is because Jokowi wants to
provide background information to the audience why changes should be undergone since he noticed that the the world has been changing. Therefore, every
country including Indonesia need to perform changes. Undergoing nations changes may provide an opportunity for other nations to take part to gain mutual
benefits as presented in the data below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we
see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your opportunity. Datum II. No.2
Stating also belong assertive acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches. In
reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performed this act because he has been trusted by the people of Indonesia as the president to make a bet
ter nation’s life. One of the ways is performing the changes although it is hard to do. The
following data show the act of stating. I believe that Indonesia has to change. Datum II. No.9
It can be no gain without pain. Datum II. No.23
The second type of illocutionary acts performed by Jokowi in his speeches is directives which consist of inviting and requesting. The reasons of performing
each type of directive speech acts are described below. Jokowi perform the act of inviting because he believes that he cannot
realize all the programs that he has planned without the support from the investors. This is
due to two reasons. Firstly, the nation’s budget is limited. Secondly, huge budget has been allocated for fuel subsidy. Therefore, he performs
the acts of inviting to invite the investors to perform investment in Indonesia. The following data provide the context of situation for the act of inviting.
We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to invest in Indonesia. Thank you. Thank you. Datum I. No.61 and 62
Our national budget for 2015 is 167 billion and for fuel subsidy is 27 billion. Its huge. Datum I. No.9
So, this is also your opportunity, because you know our national budget is limited. Datum I. No.35
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Based on the context of situation, another reason of performing the acts of inviting is that Jokowi wants the audience to collaborate and jointly work
especially in the sector of bussiness to make profits. In other words, Jokowi wants to promote the world prosperity. This is supported by the following data.
Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our economies. Datum II. No.12
Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make
incredible profits. Datum II. No.29
Instead of inviting, Jokowi also performed the act of requesting in his speeches. He requested the audience to think about the price of cement in
Indonesia which show high difference in one island and other islands. He states that the price of one sack of cement in Papua island is 25 times higher than that of
other islands. Also, he requested the audience to imagine that Indonesia has many islands as explained in the following data.
For example, the price of the cement, one sack of cement, in Java island is 6 per sack of cement. But in Papua island the price is 150 per sack of
cement. Imagine, 25 times. Datum I. No.43-45 And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. Datum I. No.7
In reference to the context of situation, Jokowi performs the acts of
requesting because he is aware that the audience come from different countries around the world who may not know that Indonesia has huge potentials.
Therefore, he requested the audience to imagine how big the potential of Indonesia for investment.
Another reason of performing a requesting act is that Jokowi wants to build trust to the audience by solving the problems directly. In his speeches, he
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said “And if you have any problem, call me.” In this case, Jokowi requested the
audience to call him directly if problems arise. This has become his leadership style of solving the problem in that he goes down to the people, listen their voices
to know the problems and give solutions. By performing this acts, the audience feel confident to jointly work with Indonesian govenrment since they have got
certainty about the the probelms solver. The next type of illocutionary act is commisives which consist of
promising and offering. Jokowi performed the acts of promising a lot in his speeches. He did it because there were some programs or policies of the previous
government that do not support the development of the nation like a huge allocation of fuel subsidy. Also, the classic problems which inhibit the investors to
do investment in Indonesia like land acquisition problem that remain unsolved. That is why Jokowi performs the act of promising to the audience in order to build
the audience trusts to the new government of Jokowi that his government can be better than the previous one.
Another reason of performing the act of promising is that Jokowi wants the audience to have expectations from his administration. He was sure that his
administration might lead to the joined prosperity. Moreover, he noticed that the previous government focused on the compsution activities. With regard to this, he
promised to change the comsumption into production activities. Therefore, mutual benefits between Indonesia and the investors will be achieved as indicated in the
datum below. Today we must see from consumption back to production. From
consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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in our industry.But most importantly investment in our human capital. The most precious resource in the 21 century.Datum II. No.21
In his speeches, Jokowi also performed an offering act. In reference to the context of situation, he performed this act because he has many projects during his
administration especially related to the infrastructure development which requires a support from the investors. With regard this, he offers an opportunity for the
investors to do investment in Indonesia by saying This is also your opportunity to invest in this project. Datum I. No.50.
The last type of illocutionary acts is expressives which include thanking, state of pleasure, and greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling. Based on the
context of situation, these expressive acts were performed by Jokowi because he wanted to build rapport to the audience. Therefore, the speech may flow smoothly
and the messages that he wants to deliver can come across to the hearers mind. For example, when Jokowi expressed his feeling as stated in the datum below.
Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I was a businessman years ago. Datum I. No.2
In reference to the data above, Jokowi tried to build rapport with all
audience by showing his feeling of pleasure in speaking amidts the bussiness leaders and diplomats. Also, he grasped the audience attention in saying I was a
bussiness man years ago. This indicates that he shares the same profesion as that of
the audiendes. Therefore, he may attract the audience’s interest to listen to his speech. Moreover, he performed the act of expression of feeling as explained in
the data below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I
would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.Datum II. No.5
Based on the data above, Jokowi performed expression of feeling because he wanted to show his seriousness to the audience that he could bring Indonesia into
a better nation. This may lead to the success of running the agenda that he had planned.
C. The Possible Perlocutionary Effects of the Dominant Illocutionary Acts
