The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. The first part explains the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi ’s selected speeches while the next part discusses the reasons why Jokowi performed the acts viewed from the context of situation underlying the speeches. The last part describes the possible perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts. Each is presented as follows.

A. The Types of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches

This part explains the findings of the research regarding the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. There are two speeches analyzed in this research. The first speech was delivered in APEC CEO Summit 2014 which was held in November 10, 2014 in Tiongkok. The Summit was the premier platform for the APEC Economic Leaders and business executives to discuss Asia-Pacific economic issues and promote regional trade, investment and cooperation. It was the most influential and high-level business event in the region. Also, it gathered 1500 APEC Economic Leaders, CEOs and leading thinkers in Beijing to deliberate the key issues facing the development of the Asia- Pacific economic by sharing views on Advancing Regional Economic Integration, Promoting Innovative development, Economic Reform and Growth and Strengthening Comprehensive Connectivity and Infrastructure Development 57 The second speech was delivered in the World Economic Forum on East Asia. The World Economic Forum is an international institution committed to improving the state of the world through public-private cooperation in the spirit of global citizenship. It engages with business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not- for-profit foundation in 1971 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is independent, impartial and not tied to any interests. It cooperates closely with all leading international organizations. Speech acts can be categorized into several types. They include locutionary, illocutonary and perlocutionary. Locutionary is the act of saying something that is the form of the words uttered, or “what is said”. There are three kinds of locutionary acts namely a declarative when it tells something, an imperative when it gives orders, and an interrogative when it asks questions Austin, 1962. Moreover, the kinds of Illocutionary acts consist of representativesassertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. In addition, perlocutionary act is the effect of an utterance. It is what people want to achieve by saying something such as to get hearer to know, to dosomething, to expect something, to show pleasant feeling andto praise. The first objective of this research is to describe the types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speech. The research has found 94 types of illocutionary acts. They show difference frequencies in terms of their occurence. The detail frequency of the illocutionary acts is presented in table 4 below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 58 Table 4. The Frequency of Illocutionary Acts Found in Jokowi’s Speeches NO ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE FREQUENCIES PRECENTAGE 1. Assertive a. Informing b. Convincing c. Questioning d. Describing e. Stating 26 4 3 12 4 52,1 2. Directive a. Inviting b. Requesting 5 3 8,5 3. Commissive a. Promising b. Offering 22 5 28,7 4. Expressive a. Thanking b. State of pleasure c. Greeting d. Saluting e. Expression of feeling 4 2 2 1 1 10,6 5. Declarative - - - TOTAL 94 100 The table 4 above shows that the illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches consist of assertives, directives, commisives and expressives. Assertives have the highest frequency of occurence or 49 52,1. It is followed by commisives, expressives, and directives which occur 27 28,7, 10 10,6 and 8 8,5 respectively. Furthermore, the types of assertives include informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. The kinds of directives consist of inviting and requesting. Commisives include promising and offering. The kinds of expressives are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting and expression of feeling. A declarative speech act is not found in Jokowi’s speeches because it requires spesific circumtances to perform the acts. It is performed by someone in a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 59 specific institutional role and context like a priest. By performing declarative acts, the speakers may change the world. These circumtances are not found in Jokowi speeches therefore there is no declarative acts found in this research. In reference to the research data, the different types of illocutionary acts found in Jokowi’s speeches which consist of assertives, directives, commisives, and expresives are elaborated as follows. a. Assertives Assertives have the idea of what the speakers believe to be true. There are five kinds of assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speeches. They consist of informing, convincing, questioning, describing, and stating. Among those three acts, informing is the most dominant act. Those types of assertives are explained as follows. The first type of assertive act is informing. In delivering a speech, Jokowi performed many acts of informing. The information he delivered deals with the condition of Indonesia including geographic, population, nation’s budget, infrastructure projects, maritime agenda, mass transportation, land acquisition strategies and etc. The information shows the current and real condition of Indonesia. Jokowi wants the audience to know better about Indonesia with the hope that many investors are interested to invest in Indonesia. Here are some samples of information presented by Jokowi in his speech. The picture shows you our map of Indonesia. Datum I. No.4 We have a population of 240 million and the distance is like from London in UK to Istanbul in Turkey. Datum I. No.5 And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. Datum I. No.8 60 Our national budget for 2015 is 167 billion and for fuel subsidy is 27 billion. Its huge. Datum I. No.9 In reference to the research findings, the information presented by Jokowi can be classified into two namely, the description about the geographical condition of Indonesia and the nation’s projects. Each information was presented in detail and some are equipped with examples, for instance when he explains the comparation of commodity price in Java and Papua as presented in the following speech excerpts. So, the price, the cost of the transportation is more efficient.Datum I. No.42 For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement, in Java island is 6 per sack cement. Data I. No.43 But in Papua island the price is 150 per sack cement. Datum I. No.44 The second type of assertive act is convincing. The data show that Jokowi convinces the audience that Indonesia has potential ports which may support the bussiness activities by saying This is the potential ports in Indonesia. For Jokowi, the speech is an important media to promote the nation agenda since many bussiness leaders listen to his speech. Therefore, he must be able to convince all audience about the agenda of the nation. In convincing the audience, Jokowi also provided a lot of information about the streghts of Indonesia such as the people who are wise resourceful, homurous, and passionate. Also, he stated that Indonesia is democratic country and has become the 5 th largest economy in Asia as well as a key member of the G20. All the information is presented to let the audience know that Indonesia is so potentials that it can develop joint bussinesses, investments and other programs PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 61 which may enhance the mutual benefits among nations. This is supported by the following datum. Today almost 20 years later. We are a vibrant and stable democracy. Our unity in diversity what we call Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is stronger than ever. We have become the 5 th largest economy in Asia and a key member of the G20. The Indonesian people are wise. They are resourceful and therefore I am here to tell you with one hundred percent confidence Indonesia will prevail. Datum II. No.25 When you spent time with Indonesia especially on facebook or twitter you will find our people have incredible humor, our people have incredible courage, our people have incredible wisdom. Datum II. No.28 Questioning also belongs to the assertive acts found in Jokowi’s speech. This act is expressed in an interogative sentence. In reference to the findings of the research, Jokowi rarely use interogative sentences. There are some interogative acts found in Jokowi ’s speeches. He uttered an interogative sentence when he defined a sea toll as presented in the speech excerpt below. What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system to make our transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient. Datum I. No.63 According to Jokowi, sea toll is a maritime transportation system. This is a project that will be realized during his reign. The purpose of this project is lowering the transportation cost. Other acts of questioning were performed by Jokowi in his speeches to give explanation about the reasons regarding the statement that he had made. He stated that Indonesia has to change. Then, he was questioning why changes are needed. Also, he told about the Asian Financial crisis, then he questioned whether or not Indonesia can survive. This is supported by the following data. Why do I beleive that Indonesia has to change?Datum II. No.10 62 Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to change. Every week and every month I go into the villages. I go into the cities, andmy people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our country.Datum II. No.11 After 1997, Asian Financial crisis, a lot of people around the world asked, will the Indonesian people survive? Datum II. No.25 The next kind of assertives found in Jokowi’s speech is describing. Jokowi often performed this act when delivering his speech. He described about the current condition of the world and its future possibilities as presented in the following data. The world is in a fundamental transition. For us in Indonesia and for all emerging market the condition is suddenly very challenging but when we see challenges I see opportunity. In fact our challenges are your opportunity.Datum II. No.2 I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic. Datum II. No.4 I believe China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership we have had in generation, and I believe this is the great benefits of Asia as a whole. Datum II. No.6 If there is one thing that Prime Minister Abe presidency and I can agree on it is that the world is changing very fast. Datum II. No.7 Because my people tell me, my people tell me that our country has to change. Every week and every month, I go into the villages. I go into the cities, and my people ask me Mr. Jokowi please change our country. Datum II. No.11 In reference to the data above, it is clear that Jokowi has provided a lot of descriptions about the changing world. This change may become challenges for Indonesia or other countries. With regard to this, Indonesia must undergo changes in order to be able to compete in the international level. Also, he told the audience PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 63 that he had visited his peoples to get their aspirations. The people had ordered him to perform a change. This implies that he want to tell the audience that the people of Indonesia want to perform changes. Jokowi also described a story in his speeches. He told the audience about the export of crude oil in Indonesia. According to him, Indonesia had made an achievement regarding the export of crude oil in the past. However, the export had ever experienced a crisis. With regard to this, the peoples had asked him to change the condition in order to overcome the crisis. This is shown by the following data. Let me share with you a story. We have been here before in the 1970s. Indonesia became rich on export of crude oil. Crude oil was booming. Oil pricesis recorded high. At that time, Indonesia was the only member of OPEC from Asia. Our energy minister Subroto was secretary general OPEC. Then in 1980, the price of crude oil is press. By then oil and gas export were 80 percent from our total export. We are forced to devalue our currency. We have an economic crisis. Datum II. No.14 After the 1980, oil prices crashed, Indonesia begin to industrialized. Over the next 15 years, We built up textile and garment industry, furniture industry, pulp and papers industry, palm oil industries, chemical industries. Datum II. No.16 Even with pain, my people tell me every week and every month. Please Mr. Jokowi change our country. Our people are very wise, They recognize that to have progress. They must be sacrifice. Fortunately, story is on our side, I would even say God is on our side. Datum II. No.24 The data above show that Jokowi is not simply describing. At the end of his description, he told the audience that the people of Indonesia want changes. Even, he repeats this sentence several times. In this case, he wants to emphasize that the people of Indonesia that he represents wants to undergo changes in order to have better nation. 64 The next type of assertives is stating. The statements that Jokowi make deal with the description that he had made earlier. He described about the changing world which demands all nations around the world to perform changes. With regard to this, he stated that Indonesia has to change. Although the changes are difficult to carry out, it is a must since he beleives that there will be no gain without pain. This is supported by the following data. I believe that Indonesia has to change. Datum II. No.9 It can be no gain without pain. Datum II. No.23 b. Directives Directive is used by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. By performing this act, the speakers intend to produce some effects through action on the hearers. The directive acts found in the first speech are inviting and requesting. They are explained as follows. The first directive act is inviting. In his speech, Jokowi invited all audience to come and invest in Indonesia. This act was performed in the last part of the speech after Jokowi gave detail explanation about the programs and projects that will be realized during his administration. The following is the speech excerpts which show an assertive act of inviting. We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to invest in Indonesia. Datum I. No.61 The research data also show that Jokowi invited the audience to reinvent the economies and societies. In addition, he invited the participants to join him and his people. This is supported by the following data. 65 Within this global transition, our task is clear, We have to reinvent our economies. Datum II. No.12 We have to reinvent our societies. Datum II. No.13 Therefore, Ladies and gentlemen, I stand here today to invite you to join me and my people on an incredible journey and an incredible adventure to make incredible profits. Datum II. No.29 The act of inviting aims at directing the audience towards Jokowi’s goal. As a president of the Republic of Indonesia, Jokowi has many goals especially in the sector of bussiness or economy. With regard to this, Jokowi invites the audience to do things related to bussiness since he delivered the speech in a bussiness forum. Requesting is the next act which belongs to assertive found in this research. The word request has an implication of asking the hearer to do something. In his speech, Jokowi gave a lot of information to the audience and asked the audience to think that Indonesia has many islands as presented in the following datum. And imagine, we have 17,000 islands. 17,000 islands. Datum I. No 7 The datum above shows that Jokowi is not only informing but also requesting all audience in his speech. This also aims to make the audience aware that Indonesia is a big country. Another act of requesting was performed by Jokowi at the end of his speech delivered in the World Economic Forum on East Asia. He requested the audience to call him if they find problems. Before performing this act, he had PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 66 invited the audience to collaborate with him and the people of Indonesia to make profits. The act of requesting is presented in the datum below. And if you have any problem, call me. Datum II. No.30 The datum above implies that Jokowi is serious to solve the problems especially related to investment that may be faced by the prospective investors. This may improve the audience trust who may perform an investment in Indonesia. Also, his language is very simple. He simply said “call me” to request the audience. c. Commisives Commisives are acts which commit the speaker to some future actions. The type of commisive performed by Jokowi in his speech is promising. Based on the data, Jokowi gave many promises in his speech. The promises deal with the nation’s agenda that will be realized during his administration. They consist of channeling fuel subsidy from consumption to production activities which include building dams, giving fishermen boats, maintaining water supply,increasing the income of the fishermen, supporting macro and small enterprises, supporting education and health sectors, constructing infrastructure, building seaports and railway track, developing mass trasportation and sea toll, and helping solve the land acquisition problems. We want to channel our fuel subsidy to the farm for seeds, for fertilizers, and also for irrigation. Datum 1. No.11 We want to buildour mass transportation in 6 big cities in Indonesia. Datum 1. No.32 We want to build sea toll. Datum 1. No.38 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 67 Instead of the physical agenda of the nation, Jokowi also promises to overcome the problem that may be faced by investors. The problem is related to the land acquisition. This indicates that Jokowi wants to attract the audience to do investment in Indonesia. Many investors, a lot of investors, when they come to me, most of them they always complain about land acquisition. Datum 1. No.52 I will push my ministers, my governors, my mayors, to help clear this problem. Datum 1. No.53 In his speeches, Jokowi also promised that he wanted to move from consumption to production and investment activities. The investments include the investment of infrastructure and human capital. This is supported by the data below Today we must see from consumption back to production. From consumption to investment.Investment in our infrastructure.Investment in our industry. But most importantly investment in our human capital. The most precious resource in the 21 century. Datum II. No.21 Based on the data above, it implies that Jokowi considers the nation’s activities are mostly consumption. Therefore, he wants to change these activities with other productive activities. This act aims to get the hearers expect something from the speakers. d. Expressives Expressives are speech acts that express a psychological state. These acts express the speaker ’s inner state that says nothing about the world. The acts which belong to this category are thanking, state of pleasure, greeting, saluting, and expression of feeling. They are elaborated below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 68 Thanking is stated in the beginning and at the end of the speech. In the beginning of the speech, Jokowi thanks to all audience for coming to his presentation. Moreover, at the end of the speech, he also expressed his gratitudes to all audience by saying thank you twice. This act functions as an opening and closing mark of the speech. The sentences and phrases showing thanking are presented as follows. I would like to thank you for coming to my presentation. Datum I.No.1 Finally, again on behalf of the Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your listening to my presentation. Datum I.No.60 Thank you. Thank you. Datum I.No.62 The second type of an expressive act found in Jokowi’s speeches is a state of pleasure. Jokowi expressed his pleasure since he got an opportunity to share about bussiness and investment to all audience who are mostly bussiness leaders. His state of pleasure also marks the beginning of his speech before he further explains about bussiness and investments. Even, he repeats his expression I am very happy twice to emphasize his feeling of pleasure. Below are speech excerpts showing his feeling of pleasure. Today, I am happy, I am very happy, to be with you, because you know I was a businessman years ago. Datum I. No.2 So, this morning, I am very happy because we can talk about business, about investment with all of you. Datum I. No.3 The next act which belongs to the category of expressive act is greeting. Greeting is part of a speech structure. The speakers often greet the audience at the begining and end of the speech. The findings show that Jokowi greets the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 69 audience by saying good morning. Also, Jokowi performs the act of greeting to open the speech. He greets the audience by saying “Ladies and Gentlemen”. After greeting, he moves directly to the topic that he wants to deliver. The other type of expressive acts found in Jokowi’s speech is saluting. He mentioned your excellencies to address the audience in between his speeches. Jokowi rarely performs this act. This shows that he seldom paused his speech by saluting the audience. In other words, he focused on delivering his messages to the audience by describing and informing. Expression of feeling also belongs to the category of expressive acts found in the speeches. In reference to the research findings, Jokowi expressed his feeling of optimism when delivering speeches. The following is the datum that shows the expression of feeling. I have just returned from official visits to Tokyo and Beijing, after many meetings with President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe I would like to share with you I am extremely optimistic.Datum II. No.5 Based on the datum above, Jokowi wants to show the audience that he is very optimistic because he believes that China and Japan today enjoy the best leadership. This condition provides great benefits to the other countries in the Asian continent including Indonesia.

B. The Reasons of Performing Illocutionary Acts Viewed from the Context of Situation