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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description discusses the theories about NP structures in
Indonesian and English. All of the discussed theories are used to answer the research question theoretically in the second part, namely theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description 1. Components of Noun Phrase in Indonesian
A noun phrase is defined by Sneddon et al. 2010 as “a sequence of words
which functions in the same way as a noun” p. 131. The head of an NP is obviously a noun. The constituents of the INP are almost the same as the ENP,
however their syntactic structures are different. In this section, the constituents of the INP are discussed as the following.
a. Premodifiers 1. Quantifiers
The premodifiers of INPs are restricted to certain classes of words, namely quantifiers and classifiers. Quantifiers include definite and indefinite numbers.
The definite numbers consist of cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers precede the count noun to indicate the number of things being referred to
Sneddon et al., 2010, p. 136. 1.a dua orang
‘two people’
9 By contrast, cardinal numbers coming after an N indicate the position of things in
a series. It occurs with the things commonly distinguished by the position in a series Sneddon et al., 2010.
1.b halaman tiga
‘page three’
However, to refer to something that is not commonly distinguished by their order
in a sequence, ordinal numbers are used. 1.c orang ketiga
‘the third person’
Ordinal numbers can be preceded by yang. 1.d anak yang kedua
‘the second child’
Besides, ordinal numbers function as collective numbers, which occur before the noun head. The N they refer to is always definite, so it is always followed by a
demonstrative or a possessor Sneddon et al., 2010, p.137. 1.e Saya sudah membaca keempat buku itu.
‘I have read those four books.’
For indefinite numbers, the quantifiers of INPs are semua „all‟, banyak
„many‟, and para. The quantifiers semua and banyak can be used with all types of Ns. An exception is that para is used only to refer to humans in a particular group.
In other words, para indicates people having the same characteristic in common. Therefore, para does not occur with generic nouns such as orang, anak, and
manusia. Sneddon et al., 2010, p.194; Sneddon, 1996 1.f 1. Semua pelajar belajar dengan giat.
‘All students study diligently.’
2. Jenazah para korban dibawa ke rumah sakit.
‘The bodies of the victims were taken to the hospital.’
3. Para guru itu datang dari Yogya.
‘The teachers come from Yogya.’
4. Para anak bermain sepakbola.
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2. Classifiers
The second premodifier of INPs is classifiers. Classifiers precede a count noun to place it in a particular noun class Sneddon et al., 2010, p. 138. It is
always preceded by a number. The most frequent classifiers in use are orang, buah, and ekor. The structure of the NP consisting of a classifier is Number +
Classifier + Noun. A noun preceded by a classifier is always indefinite; it does not refer to any specific things. Therefore, classifiers will never occur with
demonstratives or possessors Sneddon et al., 2010, p. 139. 1.g 1. seorang guru
‘a teacher’
2. seorang guru itu 3. seorang guru saya
b. Postmodifiers
INPs are
mostly postmodified.
The postmodifiers
consist of
demonstratives, modifying or attributive nouns, possessors, ADJs, and RCs. Each of them is discussed as follows.
1. Demonstratives
The demonstratives in the INP are ini „this‟ and itu „that‟, functioning in
both singular and plural nouns. They follow the noun head. 2.a 1. majalah ini
„this magazine‟ 2. kedua majalah ini
„these two magazine‟ Both ini and itu can refer to someone or something previously mentioned, but not
now present Sneddon et al., 2010, p. 133 as in 2.b. 2.b Bagaimana rumah itu?
„What is that house about which we have been talking like?‟
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