Nonrestrictive Relative Clause Theoretical Description 1. Components of Noun Phrase in Indonesian

27 Figure 2.5 Multiple Postmodification The head of the modifying phrase can be further modified, such as: 14.d 1. the man in the corner 2. the corner nearest the door 3. the man in the corner nearest the door As a result, the combination of structure a, b, and c will be: 14.e [the [man and woman] [in the corner [nearest the door]]] talking to John]] The order of the NP modifiers relates to the meaning of the NP. Hence, Quirk et al. 1985 suggest that “careful ordering of constituents in an NP is essential to communicate one‟s intention” p. 1298. Different meanings are resulted in examples 14f.1-2 due to the order of the modifiers. 14.f 1. the man in black talking to the girl 2. the man talking to the girl in black The first NP means that it is the man who is in black clothes, but the second means that the girl wears black clothes. The of-phrase is preferred to the genitive, in order to avoid ambiguity Quirk et al., 1985, as shown in example 14.g. 14.g 1. the ears of the man in the deckchair 2. the man‟s ears in the deckchair 28

d. Premodifiers of the English Noun Phrase

The most common premodifiers are Ns and ADJs. In this section, the premodifiers of ENPs are described as follows.

1. Nominal Premodifier

The first premodifier of an ENP is Ns. Radford 1988 calls this type of modifiers as nominal premodifiers or prenominal modifiers. Almost the same as postnominal modifiers, prenominal modifiers have two functions, namely attributes and complements. The structural properties of NPs modified by nominal premodifiers consist of determiners, attributes, and complements. Radford 1988 describes the functions of these three different structural properties of premodifiers as: determiners expand N-bar into N-double bar attributes expand N-bar into N-bar complements expand N into N-bar pp. 196-197 Because complements expand an N into N-bar, it comes closer to the noun head than attributes Radford, 1988, p. 214. The structure is written as Attributes + Complements + Noun Head. Attributes in the premodifier function the same as adjuncts in the postmodifier. To analyse the distinction between attributes and complements, example 15a is presented. 15.a a [high quality] [Physics] student The phrase can be paraphrased into two parts by postmodifiers, as in 15b. 15.b 1. a student of Physics 2. a student with high quality or completely interpreted as: