Critical Approach Character Theoretical Review

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter two consists of a review of literary theories used in this study. It is divided into two parts. The first one is theoretical review that presents theory of literature, theory of critical approaches, character, and characterization, the theories of abnormal behavior, manic-depressive or bipolar disorder, and motivation. The second part is the theoretical framework that covers all the theories used for this study.

A. Theoretical Review

This part consists of some theories that are relevant in this study. The theories included are theory of critical approach, character, characterization, theory of psychology and also motivation.

1. Critical Approach

Rohrberger and Woods Jr 1971 say that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it p. 3. Therefore they generate the theory of critical approach into five parts, namely the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. One of those theories of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11 critical approach, which is psychological approach, needed to help the writer to analyze the approach that appropriate for this study. They also state that a work of art is good and moving or bad because the parts of it are not integrated and then there is no significant statement emerges; no logical man will accept a generalization except there are facts available to support it, and no logical man will accept anybody’s statement unless he understands and accepts the standards upon which that judgment is based p. 3. Based on that statement, to conduct and do a research about literature, there must be a theory to underlie and strengthen the content and statement of the study. Therefore, a critical approach is needed to underlie and support theory that will be used for the study. In addition, to support Rohrberger and Woods’ theory of critical approach, Kennedy and Gioia also state and add ten critical approaches of literature. The additional ten critical approaches stated by Kennedy and Gioia 1999 are formalist criticism, biographical criticism, historical criticism, psychological criticism, mythological criticism, sociological criticism, gender criticism, reader- response criticism, deconstructionist criticism, and cultural studies pp. 630-658.

2. Character

In the story, there is one of main elements performed that is people. People in the story called characters have important part to make the story alive. The character plays and becomes importance roles that must be depicted based on the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12 reality in humans’ life. It can be said that they are as the representative of human life. Character also has strong relation with some aspects within literature form. It is explored by Little 1981 who says that a novel is significantly concerned with character. A novel will be expected to present one or few characters. It is also expected that a novel will follow the development of characters as a result of the events that happen and are told within plot, and explore deeply the personal relationship of characters p. 101. Rohrberher and Woods, Jr. 1971 state that characters must be credible, that means the readers see characters as believable people. By also mean that character’s action in the story can be accepted by the readers. They also define two kinds of character that also can be credible, which are flat and round characters. As flat character, it is seen as one-sided, while round character are many-sided p. 20. Furthermore, De Laar and Schoonderwoerd 1963 also explain about flat and round characters pp. 170-171. They describe that flat characters are characters that are represented only in one aspect. They are quite performed frequently. The author represents them as more simple character. They also never, or barely ever, surprise the readers. Contrary to flat characters, round characters represented in whole and all different aspects. They are represented as real human being completely. They are able to surprise the readers by acting and performing differently from what the readers think or expect. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13 Holman and Harmon 1986 also explore what character is. They define that character is a complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human personality, the presence of moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another p. 81. They also explain that a character may be either static or dynamic. They define that a static character is one who changes little. Things can happen to such character and no changes happen within. The character revealed by pattern of action. A dynamic character, on the other hand, is character altered by actions and experiences. This kind of character appears to reveal the consequences of actions happen. They mention that great dramas and novels have dynamic characters as protagonist p. 83. Henkle 1977 mentions the idea of two kinds of the characters pp. 92- 97. He mentions major and secondary character. Major characters are the characters that appear and inhabit within the story frequently and attract our attention mostly. Their performance in the story also portray the problem emerge in real human life. Another kind is the secondary or minor characters. They are the characters who perform limited functions in the story and they are less complex and less intense. Their role in the story to complete the major character, they can be the one who comes to give the comment for the action of a major character, a friend, and even foe of the major character. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14

3. Characterization