example: the word bingung aku can be translated into I’m confused. In English
grammatical pattern, there is not adjective before the subject, hence the translator can choose the appropriate pattern in target language which still has equivalent
meaning with source language. c. The Third shift
This transposition occurs because the result of translation is abnormal. For example: We must all responsible for the existence of fresh water is translated into.
Kita semua bertanggung jawab untuk menjaga air bersih. If translator translates phrase a
bove literally, the translation becomes „Kita semua bertanggungjawab untuk keberadaan air bersih’. This translation is awkward in Indonesia.
d. The Fourth Shift This transposition occurs when there is a void of lexical in translation. For
example: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant, is translated into Ia sangat baik, tetapi istrinya sangat sombong.
7. Modulation
Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view, culture, and perspective. It occurs when the translator
reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms
of perspective.
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Modulation and transposition may take place in the same time. For example: Time is money translated into waktu itu sangat berharga. Based on
Newmark, there are two kinds of modulation: absolute modulation and free modulation. Absolute modulation occurs when there is no equivalent meaning of
word, phrase, or structure from source language into target language. Examples: Light Mineral Oil and Benzalkonium Chloride. Those words should have not
rendered into different meaning because they don‟t have equivalent meaning in the target language. Free modulation is translation procedure that supposes to
explain the meaning, to obtain the relation meaning between SL and TL and also to achieve the equivalence meaning as natural as SL. It occurs when a word or
phrase is translated differently as a word as a meaning itself. For examples the
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Ibid, p. 88
word enhanced, the true meaning of enhanced is dipertinggi
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but in promotion text it is translated dilengkapi.
8. Adaptation
Adaptation is also known as a free translation, is translation procedure whereby the translator replaces a social, or cultural, reality in the source text with
a corresponding reality in the target text; this new reality would be more usual to the audience of the target text.
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It is the freest translation where the translator must create a new situation which is considered has equivalence, modifying the
concept but it is not beyond the purpose. Therefore, it is considered as equivalence, a situational equivalence. In adaptation something specific to the
source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it
is problematic, to say the least.For example the word product is translated into produk
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.
9. Borrowing
