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C. The Process of Translation
Translation is phase process. In translation process, translator must understand the SL text and formulating the TL text. Newmark says that when a
translator is translating, he translates with four levels more or less conciously in mind: 1 the SL text level, the level of language, where we begin and which we
continually but not continuously go back to; 2 the referential level; 3 the cohesive level, which is more general, and grammatical, which traces the train of
thought, the feeling tone positive or negative and the various presuppositions of the SL text. 4 the level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the
writer or the speaker in a ceratain situation.
16
Here the more explaination about translation process according to Newmark:
1. The Textual level This is the level of the literal translation of the source language into the target
language. In this level, the translator make certain „conversions‟ and transposes
the SL grammar into their „ready‟ TL equivalent, then translates the lexical uints into the sense.
17
2. The Referential Level It is the level of objects and events, real or imaginary, which we progressively
have to visualise and build up, and which is an essential part, first the comprehension, then the reproduction process.
16
Ibid, p. 19
17
Ibid, p.22
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3. The Cohesive Level This level contains the two factors, they are structure and mood factor. The
first factor is structure factor; through the connective words, such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite article, general words, referential synonims,
and punctuation marks, linking the sentences, usually proceeding from known information theme to new information rheme; proposition, opposition,
continuation, reiteration, opposition, conclusion. The second is mood factor; it can be shown as a dialectical factor moving between positive and negative,
emotive and neutral.
18
The translator has to spot the difference between positive and neutral in, say, „appreciate‟ and „evaluate‟; „awesome‟ and „amazing‟; „tidy‟
and „ordered‟; „passed away‟ and „died‟.
4. The Level of Naturalness It is to determine the deviation, and only concerned with reproduction. The
translator has to ensure: 1 that his translation makes sense; and it reads naturally; 2 that it is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms, and
words that meet that kind of situation. Natural usage comprises a variety of idioms or styles
or registers determined primarily by the „setting‟ of the text, secondarily by the author, topic and leadership, all of who are usually dependent
on the setting.
19
18
Ibid, p. 24
19
Ibid, p.25
xxvi
According to Nida and Taber, translation process has three levels.
20
They are:
1. Analyzing the SL text In this level, a sentence will be analyzed into grammatical, word
meaning or combination, the yextual meaning, and the contextual meaning. The translator must learn the SL text wether form and
meaning of the text. The purpose of this level is that translator fully understand what is the message in SL text.
2. Transferring In his level, the translator has analyzed and understood the
material grammatically and semantically. In his mind, he begins to remove the material from SL text into TL text
3. Restructuring The translator tries to restructure the text that is appropriate
with TL text. He attempts to find the appropriate words equivalent and the sentence structures into the TL.
D. Translation Procedure
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