naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writer or the speaker in a ceratain situation.
68
According to Nida and Taber, translation process has three levels.
69
They are: 4. Analyzing the SL text
In this level, a sentence will be analyzed into grammatical, word meaning or combination, the yextual meaning, and the contextual
meaning. The translator must learn the SL text wether form and meaning of the text. The purpose of this level is that translator fully
understand what is the message in SL text. 5. Transferring
In his level, the translator has analyzed and understood the material grammatically and semantically. In his mind, he begins to remove the
material from SL text into TL text 6. Restructuring
The translator tries to restructure the text that is appropriate with TL text. He attempts to find the appropriate words equivalent and
the sentence structures into the TL.
7. Translation Procedure
Translation procedure is related to the smaller unit of language; they are sentence, clause, phrase, and word.
70
Translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures
are methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text ST to the
Target Text TT. Translation procedure is very important in restructuring process.
68
Ibid, p. 19
69
Frans Sayogie, Teori and Praktek Penerjemahan, Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009, p. 21
70
Frans Sayogie 2009, op.Cit, p. 69
A translator must master this knowledge if she he wants to make a good translation. Translation procedure is very useful for a process of translation.
Because of it, a translator can always adapt the changing of grammatical which appropriate with the meaning in the source language.
Newmark mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, while translation methods relate to whole
texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language”
71
According to Sayogie, there are three kinds of translation procedures which related to condition of Source Language, especially Indonesian. They are:
6. Transposition
Transposition is the changing of grammatical pattern from source language into target language.
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There are four kinds of transposition according to Newmark, they are:
a. The First Shift It is caused by system and rule of language; hence the translator should
find the suitable meaning. It is called automatic transposition. For example: a pair of pants is translated into sebuah celana panjang. Actually in English, when there
is a suffix after the word, it means that the word is plural, but it does not always occur in Indonesian .a pair of pants in Indonesian cannot be translated as
sepasang celana panjang celana panjang but it becomes a singular noun. The other example: difficult problem is translated into masalah yang sulit . In this
case, adjective plus noun becomes noun. Transposition in the examples above should be done when translation involves English as a source language and
Indonesian as a target language. Because of it, the translator will never make a mistake in translation.
b. The Second Shift The translator takes this transposition if the translator does not find the
equivalences grammatical pattern in source language and target language. For
71
Newmark 1988, op. cit. p. 81
72
Newmark 1988, p.85
example: the word bingung aku can be translated into I’m confused. In English
grammatical pattern, there is not adjective before the subject, hence the translator can choose the appropriate pattern in target language which still has equivalent
meaning with source language. c. The Third shift
This transposition occurs because the result of translation is abnormal. For example: We must all responsible for the existence of fresh water is translated into.
Kita semua bertanggung jawab untuk menjaga air bersih. If translator translates phrase a
bove literally, the translation becomes „Kita semua bertanggungjawab untuk keberadaan air bersih’. This translation is awkward in Indonesia.
d. The Fourth Shift This transposition occurs when there is a void of lexical in translation. For
example: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant, is translated into Ia sangat baik, tetapi istrinya sangat sombong.
7. Modulation
