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Example:
SL: We have been going in a long journey since the morning, here comes the time for us to have dinner.
TL:
Kita telah melakukan perjalanan jauh sejak tadi pagi, sekarang kita
makan malam.
As stated before, transitional is a short paraphrase. It can be seen on the phrase
here comes the time
which is translated into
sekarang
. It means that the subtraction happens on the phrase here comes the time. After looking at the
translation, we can conclude that transitional is an effective manner to paraphrase long words into a shorter word.
3. Alteration
According to Nida, alterations may, of course, be all types, from the simplest problems of correspondence in sounds to the most complicated
adjustment in idiomatic phrases. Some types of alteration are discussed below. a.
Sounds Even the most consistent system of transliteration may occasionally
produce a severe difficulty, since the resulting form may have another meaning in the receptor language.
Example:
SL: John said, ―I love you, babe.
TL: John berkata: “Aku mencintaimu,
sayang
. ”
The word
babe
is quite misleading for Indonesian especially for Betawinese. The word
babe
in Betawi means father, while in English it means
darling
. The translator must be careful in translating the word
babe
. The example above is
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uttered by John an English person so it is appropriate to translate the word
babe
into
sayang
. b.
Categories Alteration of categories include shifts from a singular expression to plural,
a past-tense to a future, passive to active voice, etc. The employment of expressions which have no corresponding function in the source language also
belongs to this class of alteration Nida, 1964, p: 234. Example:
SL: I am gripped by them TL:
Buku-buku tersebut sungguh memikat hati saya.
The shifts from passive to active involve similar alterations of categories. The subject is changed from
I
into
buku-buku tersebut
. The object of the first sentence them = buku-buku tersebut is put as a subject in the second sentence.
c. Word classes
Alteration of word classes includes the shifts from noun to verb, preposition to verb, etc.
Examples: SL:
―You’re saying it wrong,‖ Harry heard Hermione snapped. TL:
“Cara ngomongmu salah,” Harry mendengar Hermione menukas. The alteration of word class can be seen when the translator translate the word
saying
into
cara ngomong
.
Saying
is a verb while
cara ngomong
is a noun phrase.
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d. Order
The shifts are used to emphasize important elements in a sentence, and provide a pleasing rhyme, so they can make clear of a complicated expression.
Example: SL: The Queen knew only too well that the simple act of getting the Waleses
to talk at all was a miracle. TL:
Ratu sangat memahami bahwa hanya keajaiban belaka yang dapat membuat pasangan Wales berbicara.
There is a change of order in the example above. In the first sentence, the word
was a miracle
is put in the end of the sentence, but in the translation it is put in the middle of the sentence. The change of order is done to make a natural translation.
e. Clause and sentence structure
The most serious problems of alteration in clause and sentence structure are found in shifts between hypotactic and paratactic formations, with or without
additions or subtractions of lexical elements. Two other important alterations in clause and structure involve:
1. Shifts from questions to statements.
Example: SL: Haven’t I told you he is not going
TL:
Sudah kubilang dia tidak boleh pergi
2. Changes from indirect discourse to direct.
Example: SL: He warns the boys not to swim out too far.
TL: Dia berkata, “Jangan berenang terlalu jauh anak
-
anak”
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f. Semantic problems involving single words
All the semantic problems involving single words arise from distinctions in hierarchical status. Accordingly, alterations of this type may be classified on
the basis of whether the lexical elements in question are of a lower rank, of a higher rank, of a higher rank plus qualifiers, or of the same rank but shifted in
position Nida, 1964, p: 236 Examples:
SL: They celebrate the Easter.
TL:
Mereka merayakan hari raya Paskah
. Every Christian all over the world celebrate the Easter because Easter is one of
Christian’s holy days. English people use the word
Easter
while Indonesian calls it
hari raya Paskah
. The translator alterates the term
Easter
into
hari raya Paskah
. g.
Semantic problems involving exocentric expressions This type of alteration is applied to translate expressions or idioms.
Because of the different social-cultural background between the SL and RL, consequently a translator often makes a radical change in translating idioms or
expressions. Example:
SL: ―Load of old tosh,‖ said uncle Vernon. TL:
“Omong kosong besar,” kata paman Vernon. The idiom
load of old tosh
is used to indicate that someone is talking about something that does not make sense. In Indonesia
load of old tosh
means
omong
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kosong besar
. The translator translates it in an appropriate way because those idioms have the same meaning.
2.6. Accuracy and Acceptability
