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4. Carry an equivalent communication load 1964, p: 226-238.
The following are the brief explanation of adjustments techniques proposed by Nida:
1. Addition
According to Nida in his book entitled
Toward A Science Translation,
there are so many types of addition which may be employed in the process of translating, among them the most common and important are shown in the section
below. Many of these additions are actually a part of the process of structural alteration, so that one technique of adjustment cannot be rigidly isolated from
another 1964, p: 227. a.
Filling out elliptical expression Though ellipsis occurs in all languages, the particular structures which
permit such ―omitted‖ words are by no means identical from language to language. Accordingly, in an expression almost obligatory elliptical in one
language, an ellipsis may not be permitted in another Nida 1964, p: 227. Example:
SL:
―She is smarter than I‖
T L: ―
Dia lebih pintar daripada saya yang pintar
‖ The translation is filled by elliptical construction
yang pintar
to emphasize that the subject
I
in RL is also smart but not as smart as
She
. b.
Obligatory specifications The specification required in some translations result from one of two
reasons; a ambiguity in the receptor language formations, and b the fact that
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greater specifity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference Nida 1964, p: 228.
Example: SL:
―Ron… to the school…‖ TL:
―
Saya
, Ron, pergi ke sekolah…” The source language tells us about Ron only, however, the narrator is not
stated, whereas the narrator is Ron. Therefore, it is necessary to add the word
saya
. So the translation on the target language is clear enough. c.
Additions required by grammatical restructuring Almost any type of restructuring of a source language expression can
result in some lexical ambiguity. Perhaps the most common instances which require amplification are:
1. Alteration of word classes.
Probably the most frequent additions must be made when there is a shift in word classes Nida, 1964, p: 228.
Example: SL :
―False journalist.‖ TL
: ―Orang yang berpura-pura menjadi wartawan.‖ The alteration of word class above happens in the adjective
false
that may
be shifted into another class of words expressed by prepositions or conjunctions and then carried by verbs. Thus, the word
false
is altered into a full sentence and the addition, of course, appeared to be
orang yang berpura-pura .
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2. Modification from indirect to direct discourse.
When an indirect discourse, whether explicit or implicit, is changed into a direct discourse a number of elements must be added. This is especially so when
the discourse is largely implicit Nida, 1964, p: 228. Example:
SL: Mom informed us that she would go to Jakarta the next day. TL:
Ibu berkata, “Ibu akan pergi ke Jakarta besok.‖ The word
berkata
is added as the predicate because the translator changes indirect sentence into direct sentence.
3. Shifts of voice.
When a passive expression is changed to an active one it is obviously necessary to insert the agent.
Example: SL: ―He was elected president.‖ passive voice
TL: ―
Mereka
memilih dia menjadi presiden.‖ active voice As seen on the example of the passive voice above, the subject of the
sentence receives the action whereas we use the active voice when the subject of the sentence does the action as seen on the second example. In passive voice we
do not need to insert the agent, while in active voice it is necessary to insert the agent, in this instance is
mereka
. d.
Amplification from implicit to explicit status Important semantic elements carried implicitly in the SL may require
explicit identification in the receptor language.
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Example: SL: Her sense of humour does lighten the general air of claustrophobia.
TL:
Rasa humornya memang mengisyaratkan tanda -tanda umum claustrophobia
yaitu suatu perasan takut berada di ruangan tertutup.
On the example above, the translator gives a clear explanation about what is meant by
claustrophobia
to avoid perplexity in reading the translation, because such term like
claustrophobia
may sounds unfamiliar for the RL reader. e.
Classifiers Classifiers provide a convenient device for building meaningful
redundancy into an overload text, especially in languages which readily employ such terms to identify proper names and borrowed terms.
Example: SL: All Chinese are also our brothers.
TL: Semua
etnis China
juga saudara kita. Chinese is a person who originally comes from China. In other words, he
or she professes China blood. The translator adds the word
etnis
to explain that what is meant by Chinese is China people.
f. Connectives
Transitionals, which consist of the repetition of segments of the preceding text, are widely used in many languages. Such transitionals appreciably increase
the total volume of the text, but do not add information Nida, 1964, p: 230. Example:
SL: Avoid using it during the first trimester of pregnancy, patients with gastric ultras.
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TL:
Hindari penggunaan Bisolvon pada tiga bulan pertama kehamilan dan
pada penderita tukak lambung.
The translator adds the word
dan
on the target language. It is used to denote the relationship between the first sentence and the next phrase.
g. Doublets
Doublets happen in a certain type of discourse, they denote the conversation. In some languages, some texts employ the types of additions to
denote the direct conversation; therefore, those texts resemble a quotation mark. But in a particular occasion the translator has to state the supporting explanation.
Example: SL: ―He said…‖
TL: ―Dia berkata…katanya…‖
From the example above, we can conclude that doublet usually appears on the certain type of context used to denote the direct conversation and function as
the
quotation mark
.
2. Subtraction
