A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES BASED ON THE TECHNIQUE OF ADJUSTMENT IN THE NOVEL OF HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HOLLOWS INTO HARRY POTTER DAN RELIKUI KEMATIAN

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A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES BASED ON THE TECHNIQUE OF ADJUSTMENT IN THE NOVEL OF HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HOLLOWS INTO HARRY POTTER DAN RELIKUI KEMATIAN

THESIS

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of requirements For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

ISDIATI AGUSTRIANI C1306506

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA 2011

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A Translation Analysis of Exclamatory Sentences

Based on the Technique of Adjustment in the Novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian

By:

ISDIATI AGUSTRIANI C1306506

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners of English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Consultant

Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed, MA, Ph.D NIP 196 303 281 992 011 001

The Head of S1 Non-Regular English Department

Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd. NIP 195 211 081 983 031 001

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A Translation Analysis of Exclamatory Sentences

Based on the Technique of Adjustment in the novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian

By:

ISDIATI AGUSTRIANI C1306506

Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners of English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

On January , 2011

Position Name Signature

Chairman Drs. Budi Waskito, M.Pd NIP. 195 211 081 983 031 001

……….

Secretary Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, MA NIP. 196 708 301 993 021 001

……….

First Examiner Prof. Drs. MR. Nababan, M.Ed, MA, Ph.D NIP. 196 303 281 992 011 001

……….

Second Examiner Ardianna Nuraeni, SS, M.Hum NIP. 198 209 272 008 122 001

……….

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, M.A. NIP. 195 303 141 985 061 001

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Isdiati Agustriani Student Number : C 1306506

Pronounces truthfully that the thesis entitled A Translation Analysis of Exclamatory Sentences Based on the Technique of Adjustment in The Novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian is originally made by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor is it made by other people. The things related to the other people’s words are written in quotation and included in the bibliography.

If this pronouncement is proved incorrect in the future, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.

Surakarta, January 2011 The Researcher

Isdiati Agustriani C1306506

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MOTTO

“

The competitor to be feared is one who never bothers about you at

all, but goes on making his own business better all the time.

”

(Henry Ford)

“If my mind can conceive it, and my heart can believe it,

Then, I can achieve it.”

(Mohammad Ali)

“Faith is taking the first step even when you don’t see the

whole stairs.”

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My Beloved Earth and Heaven, Mom and Dad

My Adored Brothers and Sisters

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Acknowledgment

To obtain Sarjana Sastra degree is a dream for almost all people including me. Without people who encourage and give their honest and truthful thoughts, this journey will never end. This thesis is the beginning of my new chapter of life. Therefore, it is a pleasure to thank all the people who have made it possible. 1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas

Maret University.

2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd., The Head of S1 Non-Regular English Department and my academic supervisor for the guidance during my study, for giving an approval and a permission to write this thesis.

3. A very special thank to Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M. Ed., MA., Ph. D. Without his guidance and support, none of this will ever be accomplished. Thank you does not seem adequate but definitely it is said with appreciation and respect.

4. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the support of some very special individuals. They helped me enormously with encouragement and friendships. They mirrored back my ideas so I heard them aloud, an important process for this writer to shape her thesis paper and future work. Betha, Key, Inul, Dije, Anggun and Ayu. I can only say proper thank you by presenting more achievement of further study.

5. Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my family, absolutely without their support, school and work would not have been possible. Their belief

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that one should follow what they love allowed me the freedom to pursue my Sarjana degree.

Surakarta, January 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF CONSULTANT... ii

APPROVAL OF BOARD EXAMINERS ………. iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ……… iv

MOTTO ……….. v

DEDICATION ………... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… ix

ABSTRACT……… xiii

ABBREVIATION ……….. xv

LIST OF TABLE………..……….. xvi

I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research Background ... 1

1.2. Problem Statement ... 8

1.3. Research Objectives ……... 8

1.4. Research Limitation ………... 9

1.5. Research Benefits ………... 9

1.6. Thesis Organization ……… 10

II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Definition of Translation ……….…….. 12

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2.3. Problems in Translation ....…..………...………... 14

2.4. Context ………...………..……..……..………... 15

2.5. Technique of Adjustments………...………... 17

2.6. Accuracy and Acceptability ……..………. 30

2.7. Definition of Sentences ....………... 32

2.8. Classification of Sentences ……..………... 2.9. Style ……… 2.10. About the Novel ……….. 33 36 36 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Type of Research ...……… 38

3.2. Data and Source of Data ………...…... 38

3.3. Sample and Sampling Technique ………... 39

3.4. Research Procedure ...……… 40

3.5. Technique of Collecting Data ...………. 40

3.6. Technique of Analyzing Data ……… 42

IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Introduction ………....……… 44

4.2. Research Findings ……….. 47

4.2.1. Technique of Adjustment ……..………. 47

4.2.1. Add. Adjustment in terms of addition ………. 49

4.2.1. Sub. Adjustment in terms of subtraction ………. 50

4.2.1. Alt. Adjustment in terms of alteration ……….. 51 4.2.1. Add+Alt Adjustment in terms of addition and alteration …. 52

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4.2.1. Sub+Alt Adjustment in terms of subtraction and alteration... 53 4.2.2. The Purpose of the Technique of Adjustment……… 54

4.2.2. Struc/Add Addition as the Requirement of the Structure of the RL ... 56 4.2.2. Struct/Add+Alt Addition and Alteration as the Requirement of

the Structure of the RL ... 58 4.2.2.Sem/Add Addition to produce Semantically Equivalence

Structure ... 59 4.2.2.Sem/Sub Subtraction to produce Semantically Equivalence

Structure ... 61 4.2.2.Sem/Alt Alteration to produce Semantically Equivalence

Structure ... 63 4.2.2. Sem/Sub+Alt Subtraction and Alteration to produce Semantically

Equivalence Structure ... 64 4.2.2.Sty/Add Addition to provide Equivalence Stylistic

Appropriateness ... 66 4.2.2.Sty/Sub Subtraction to provide Equivalence Stylistic

Appropriatness ... 67 4.2.2.Sty/Alt Alteration to provide Equivalence Stylistic

Appropriatness ... 68 4.2.2. Sty/Add+Alt Addition and Alteration to provide Equivalence

Stylistic Appropriateness ... 70 4.2.2. Sty/Sub+Alt Subtraction and Alteration to provide Equivalence

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Stylistic Appropriateness ... 71

4.2.2. Comm/Add Addition to carry an Equivalent Communication Load ... 73

4.2.2. Comm/Sub Subtraction to carry an Equivalent Communication Load ... 74

4.2.2. Comm/Alt Alteration to carry an Equivalent Communication Load ... 75

4.2.2.Comm/Sub+Alt Subtraction and Alteration to carry an Equivalent Communication Load ... 77

4.2.3. Accuracy and Acceptability ... 78

4.2.3. A. The Accuracy of the Translation ... 83

4.2.3. A.1. Classification A ... 84

4.2.3. A.2. Classification B ... 87

4.2.3. A.3. Classification C ... 91

4.2.3. B. The Acceptability of the Translation ... 94

4.2.3. B.1. Classification A ... 94

4.2.3. B.2. Classification B ... 96

4.3. Discussion ... 98

V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………... 105

5.1. Conclusions……….……….……….. 105

5.2. Suggestions………..………...……….……….. 108

REFERENCES APPENDICES

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ABSTRACT

Isdiati Agustriani. C1306506. 2011. A Translation Analysis of Exclamatory Sentences based on the Technique of Adjustment in the novel of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.

The aims of the study are to find out the technique of adjustments, the purposes of applying technique of adjustment and accuracy and acceptability of the translation of exclamatory sentences in ―Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows‖.

The research is a descriptive qualitative method which employs total sampling technique. 121 exclamatory sentences in the novel Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows were taken as the data.

Based on the analysis, the researcher ascertains the following results: First, based on the tabulation, it is apparent that the most dominant technique of adjustment used by the translator is in terms of alteration which amounts to 51.2%. Meanwhile, the second place is taken by the technique of adjustment in terms of subtraction with 21.5%. The third major technique of adjustment used is in terms of addition with 19.8%, followed by the technique of adjustment in terms of subtraction and alteration with 5.8% of 121 data and the last is in terms of addition and alteration which amounts 1.7% from the whole data. From this configuration, the findings of the technique of adjustments suggest that the translation is source text oriented.

The tabulation also shows that the most dominant purpose of using technique of adjustment is to provide equivalence stylistic appropriateness which amounts to 53.7%. Meanwhile, the purpose to carry an equivalent communication load takes second place with 24%. The third major purpose with 19.8% is taken by producing semantically equivalence structure. The last purpose, as the requirement of the structure of the RL takes the last place with 4 data or 3.3% of 121 data.

The findings of the research show that out of 121 translations of exclamatory sentences in the novel Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows written by JK Rowling, 75 data (62%) are accurate, 45 data (37.2%) are less accurate and 1 datum (0.8%) are inaccurate. The mean score of the accuracy level of the translation is 2.6.

In terms of acceptability, there are 110 data (91 %) of the translations of exclamatory sentences in the novel Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows written by JK Rowling considered acceptable, 11 data (9%) are less acceptable and there is no datum found unacceptable. The mean score of the acceptability level of the translation is 2.8.

From the results, it is expected that the research will give an input to the readers in conducting research on Exclamatory Sentence especially dealing with the technique of adjustments. It is suggested that other researchers analyze the

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technique of adjustments with different approach or in other classifications in terms of the degree of accuracy and acceptability. They may challenge themselves to analyze it of other sources, such as films or dramas.

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ABBREVIATIONS

SL : Source Language ST : Source Text

RL : Receptor Language TT : Target Text

Add : Addition Sub : Subtraction Alt : Alteration Sem : Semantic Struct : Structure Sty : Style

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1. Classification Based on Techniques of Adjustment

Table 4.2. Classification Based on Purposes of using Technique of Adjustment Table 4.3. Accuracy Level of the Translation

Table 4.4. Acceptability Level of the Translation Table 4.5. Accuracy Scale

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Research Background

Translation generally is defined as substituting a text in a source language (SL) with that in a receptor one (RL). To conduct an accurate translation is not an easy thing to do. It needs not only a knowledge competence of both source and receptor language but also communication and translation competence.

In the globalization era when the needs of knowledge increase significantly, translation plays a major role to transfer the knowledge from one language to another. Therefore, many problems occur in the process of transferring those languages since each language has its own cultural background. Nida’s idea in Widyamartaya states, ―The receptor language message must have the closest equivalent of the SL message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style‖ (1989, p: 11), supports the statement that due to the differences between the source and the receptor language, the translator has to adjust his translation in order to make it equivalent with respect to the message of the source and the receptor language.

In adjusting his translation, a translator should consider a technique of adjustment. The technique of adjustment is concerned with what the translator does in terms of addition, subtractions, and alterations in a process of translating. Nida states ―The technique of adjustments are designed to produce correct

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equivalents, not to serve as an excuse for tampering with the source language message‖ (1964, p: 226).

In the process of translating, every translator always concerns himself with some kinds of sentences because language cannot be separated from sentences. There are several types of sentence in English. They are declarative sentence that simply states a fact or argument, without requiring either an answer or action from the reader; the interrogative sentence that asks a direct question and always ends in a question mark; the exclamatory sentence or exclamation, that is simply a more forceful version of a declarative sentence, marked at the end with an exclamation mark; and the imperative sentence that gives a direct command to someone -- this type of sentence can end either with a period or with an exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is.

Type of sentence that is going to be analyzed in this research is exclamatory sentence. According to Shane, Ferris, and Keener in their book, Growth in Goodsss English 1958, ―Exclamatory sentence is a sentence spoken in fear, anger, excitement, dread, joy, delight, or some other strong feeling that might make a person cry out. It can be called a sentence which is cried out, or exclaimed and ended by an exclamation point (!)‖. The examples of the exclamatory sentences found in the novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows will be explained below.

Example 1

Vernon Dursley : ―You took your time!‖ (001/HPaTDH-031/Alt/Sem)

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Example 2

Dedalus Diggle : ―Good day to you, Harry Potter’s relatives!‖ (002/HPaTDH-036/ Sub+Alt/Sem)

: ―Selamat sore, sanak Harry Potter!‖

(002/HPdRK-056/Sub+Alt/Sem)

The first example is taken from a situation when Harry Potter is called by his uncle, Vernon Dursley, but he does not come right after the calling while his uncle urges him to come right away. He gives an impression to his uncle that he does it in purpose and it upsets Vernon. Therefore, his uncle concludes that Harry takes his time to react to his calling. The sentence is included as exclamatory sentence instead of imperative sentence since the sentence does not show a command. In his anger, Vernon Dursley roars to Harry when he finally appears. To show Vernon’s strong feeling of displease towards Harry, the exclamation mark is needed in the end of the sentence.

In the second example, the sentence is obviously included as exclamatory sentence instead of imperative sentence due to the feeling of excitement and delight experienced by Dedalus Diggle. He is one of Harry Potter’s admirers. The situation in this conversation is the first occasion for him to meet Harry Potter’s relatives. Therefore, the feeling of such delight and pleasure is shown in his expression.

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows novel, the researcher finds many exclamatory sentences that experience the technique of adjustment in terms of addition, subtraction and alteration. To understand more about them, the examples will be presented below.

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Example 1: Exclamatory sentence in terms of addition.

Hermione : ―Ron, we can’t!‖ (038/HPaTDH-137/Add/Comm)

: ―Ron, kita tidak bisa kesana!‖ (038/HPdRK-223/Add/Comm) The example above is quoted from the conversation between Hermione and Ron. The following text will illustrate such condition.

After a minute or two, Ron said, ―You know, we’re not far from the Leaky Cauldron here, it’s only in Charing Cross-‖

―Ron, we can’t!‖ said Hermione at once.

―Not to stay there, but to find out what’s going on!‖

We know what’s going on! Voldemort’s taken over the Ministry, what else do we need to know?‖

Setelah semenit-dua menit berlalu, Ron berkata, ―kalian tahu, kita tidak jauh dari Leaky Cauldron, tempat itu cuma di Charing Cross-‖

―Ron, kita tidak bisa kesana!‖ kata Hermione segera.

―Bukan untuk tinggal, tapi untuk mencari tahu apa yang terjadi!‖

―Kita tahu apa yang terjadi! Voldemort sudah mengambil alih Kementerian, apa lagi yang perlu kita ketahui?‖

The word ‗kesana’ is added in the RL. Based on the situation above, the word ‗kesana’ refers to a place namely Charing Cross. It is not new information. This translation is already correct and the addition does not add the meaning. It is acceptable also if the translator does not add the word ‗kesana’, but she does it because the added word ‗kesana’ has been included elsewhere in the text and the

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translator attempts to carry an equivalence communication load. The translator adds this word to intensify the meaning.

Example 2: Exclamatory sentence in terms of subtraction

Ron : ―Not to stay there, but to find out what’s going on!‖ (039/HPaTDH-137/Sub/Sty)

: ―Bukan untuk tinggal, tapi untuk mencari tahu apa yang terjadi!‖ (039/HPdRK-223/Sub/Sty)

The example above is quoted from a conversation between Ron and Hermione. The situation below will illustrate more.

After a minute or two, Ron said, ―You know, we’re not far from the Leaky Cauldron here, it’s only in Charing Cross-‖

―Ron, we can’t!‖ said Hermione at once.

―Not to stay there, but to find out what’s going on!‖

We know what’s going on! Voldemort’s taken over the Ministry, what else do we need to know?‖

Setelah semenit-dua menit berlalu, Ron berkata, ―kalian tahu, kita tidak jauh dari Leaky Cauldron, tempat itu cuma di Charing Cross-‖

―Ron, kita tidak bisa kesana!‖ kata Hermione segera.

―Bukan untuk tinggal, tapi untuk mencari tahu apa yang terjadi!‖

―Kita tahu apa yang terjadi! Voldemort sudah mengambil alih Kementerian, apa lagi yang perlu kita ketahui?‖

The word ‗there’ in the SL is subtracted. It does not lessen the meaning in the RL because from the text, it is quite clear that the omitted word ‗there’ refers to a place that has been mentioned before, so without translating the word ‗there’,

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it still can be understood. It seems unnecessary to repeat information which is clear enough from the context of situation. So the subtraction does not lessen the communication load nor deviate the source meaning.

Example 3: Exclamatory sentence in terms of alteration

Hagrid : ―An’ the last time you was on it, Harry, I could fit yeh in one hand!‖ (008/HPaTDH-051/Alt/Sty)

: ―Dan terakhir kali kau naik motor ini, Harry, kau cuma sebesar satu tanganku ini!‖ (008/HPdRK-079/Alt/Sty)

The exclamatory sentence above is taken from a situation when Hagrid feels astonish of the second chance he got to protect Harry Potter with the same vehicle, Sirius Black’s motorcycle. The first chance happens 16 years ago. The illustration of such situation is as follows.

―Is this it? Is this Sirius’s bike?‖

―The very same,‖ said Hagrid, beaming down at Harry. ―An’ the last time you was on it, Harry, I could fit yeh in one hand!‖

―Inikah motornya? Inikah motor Sirius?‖

―Motor yang sama,‖ kata Hagrid, menunduk tersenyum pada Harry. ―Dan

terakhir kali kau naik motor ini, Harry, kau cuma sebesar satu tanganku ini!‖

The translator has made an alteration in translating a clause ‗I could fit yeh in one hand.’ It is translated into ‗kau cuma sebesar satu tanganku ini.’ Indeed, the clause ‗I could fit yeh in one hand’ is referred to the expression of surprise due to Hagrid’s first experience to protect Harry Potter when he was a year-old baby. In that time, Harry was so small until Hagrid, a giant figure, could fit him only in

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one hand. Such alteration is intended to produce semantically equivalence structure. As a result, the meaning of the clause becomes clearer. Finally, it can be said that such alteration does not change or deviate the source meaning, it generates meaning equivalence.

In addition to the techniques of adjustment that is used by the translator, the researcher also observes the accuracy and acceptability as parts of quality assessment of translation that are proposed to identify whether the translation result is accurate, acceptable and/or does not sound as a translation product.

Accuracy is one of the elements of translation quality assessment. It deals with the degree of accurateness of the message transfer. The target text, or the translation product, should include a whole message in the source text. A translation should not betray the original text of the source language text. In addition, there is acceptability as another important aspect related to translation quality assessment. The acceptability level is emphasized on the language factor. The language use of the target text is expected to accept by target reader on a common form as what the original, so it does not seem like a work of translation. It means that the consideration of providing the Indonesian readers with translation, to make it effortless for Indonesian enjoying literary works seems hard to be completed and may furthermore create a bad understanding of the translation to the target readers. However, it is possibly to some people that the translation may not be hard to comprehend.

Moreover, this research intends to assess the accuracy and acceptability level occurring in the Indonesian translation of Exclamatory-sentence, to find out

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whether the target text is acceptable and sounds natural to the target reader. Furthermore, since the target text is a translation, the researcher attempts to observe what reasons that underlie the translator to do such adjustment dealing with the exclamatory sentence in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows. This research is determined to have ―A Translation Analysis of Exclamatory Sentences Based on The Technique of Adjustment in The Novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows Into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian.‖

1.2. Problem Statements

Based on the research background, the researcher proposes some problem statements as follows:

1. How are the exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows translated into Indonesian in terms of technique of adjustments?

2. What are the purposes that underlie the translator to do such adjustment? 3. How are the accuracy and acceptability of the translation of

exclamatory-sentence that experience such adjustments in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows novel?

1.3. Research Objectives

The goals of this research are:

1. To illustrate the way of translating the exclamatory-sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows into Indonesian in terms of adjustment made by the translator.

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2. To illustrate the purpose that renders the translator to do such adjustment. 3. To illustrate the accuracy and acceptability of the translations of

exclamatory-sentences that experience such adjustments in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows novel.

1.4. Research Limitation

Research limitation is necessary to be distinguished in purpose to evade the research amiss from the aim. In this research, the researcher only makes an analysis of translation on dialogues in the novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows written by J.K. Rowling that is translated into Indonesian by Listiana Srisanti, which contains exclamatory-sentence. The analysis is constricted through the technique of adjustment in terms of addition, subtraction, and alteration, the purpose of using such technique and the quality assessment in term of accuracy and acceptability.

1.5. Research Benefit

The researcher expects that this research will be beneficial for: 1. English Department Students

This research is expected to be useful as an additional reference for the students in studying the translation subject especially about technique of adjustment in translation.

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2. Lecturers

This research can be used as an addition reference for the lecturers in teaching translation subject.

3. Other researchers

This research can also be used to stimulate other researchers to conduct further research related to this study.

1.6. Thesis Organization

The Thesis organization is systematically arranged as follows:

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION, consists of Research Background, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research Limitation, Research Benefit and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW, consists of Definition of Translation, Process of Translation, Problems in Translation, Context, Technique of Adjustment, Accuracy and Acceptability, Definition of Sentence, Classification of Sentence, Style and About the Novel.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, consists of Type of Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and Sampling Technique, Research Procedure, Technique of Collecting Data, and Technique of Analyzing Data.

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, consists of an Introduction, Research Findings and Discussion.

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION, consists of conclusions and suggestions.

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, various kinds of theories related to this research will be discussed. The theories are constructive for the researcher to conduct this study. They will function as the basic foundation in analyzing the data of this research. The theories include Definition of Translation, Process of Translation, Problems in Translation, Context, Techniques of Adjustment, Accuracy and Acceptability, Definition of Sentence, Classification of Sentence, Style and About the Novel. The detailed description of each theory is as follows.

2.1. Definition of Translation

In The Theory of Translation, Nida and Taber explain the definition of translation as follow; ―Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style,‖ (1978, p: 12). Besides that, Catford defines translation as ―The replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language)‖ (1965, p: 20).

Brislin proposes another definition of translation. He says that ―Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (receptor), whether the languages are in written or oral form‖ (1976, p: 6).

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Based on the statements above, it can be concluded that translation is a process of message transference from one language (the source language) to other language (the receptor language). In transferring the thoughts and message, the most important thing is that the translator has to pay attention to the meaning and the style of text.

2.2. Process of Translation

Translating a text is a complex thing and consists of a series activity that constitutes a process. Nida proposes simpler and more common translating process illustrated in a scheme as follows:

Source Language Receptor Language

Source Text Translated Text

Analysis Restructuring

Transfer

(Nida and Taber, 1974:33) The explanation of the scheme as follows:

1. First, the translator has to read over text and understand the meaning and the message of the text. It will be better to repeat reading the passage two or three times in order to get a clear grasp of the entire content.

2. In order to understand the content of the text, the translator has to conduct a linguistic analysis both through grammatical and meaning analysis that covers the referential and connotative meaning.

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3. After finishing the analysis of the text and understanding the source language message, the translator transfers the message into the target language. This process discusses ―how the analysis result is transferred from the source language to the target language with the least possible change in meaning and with equal reaction as felt by the native source language speaker‖. The transfer certainly is not perfect yet, so it needs correction consultation to the more professional person about figurative language and style.

4. Lastly, the restructuring process discusses some kinds of figurative language, style and technique which can be used in the translation. In this stage, the translation must be adjusted with the grammar of the target language. The translation must maintain the meaning of the source language. Then after the restructuring is over, it means that the process of translation has also been completed.

2.3. Problems in Translation

J.C. Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation mentions,

―There is a translation problem namely untranslatability. Translation fails, or untranslatability occurs when it is impossible to build functionally relevant features of the situation into the contextual meaning of the TL text. There are two categories of untranslatability, linguistic and cultural untranslatability. In linguistic untranslatability, the functionally relevant features include some which are in fact formal features of the language of the SL text. It occurs when TL has no formally corresponding feature.‖ (1965, p: 94)

In cultural untranslatability, the failure is due to the absence of the situational feature which is relevant in the SL culture and in the RL culture.

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In his essay, A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories Translation that is compiled by Sakri in Ikhwal Menerjemahkan, Nida also mentions two kinds of problems in transferring message, namely problems of content and problems of form.

―The circumstantial setting of the ST can give a serious problem for the translator to provide the most equivalent text. Every culture has its own characteristic that might be considered weird by other cultures. This is called the problems of content. In such cases, the translator may be forced to choose between the less comprehensible cultural setting of the SL and the more intelligible but anachronistic setting of the receptor language.‖ (1985, p: 71)

Another problem in translating message is the problem of form. Nida said that ―Though the difficulties related to the adequate reproduction of content are often acute, they generally do not constitute as complex and intractable a series of problems as the particular formal features of language employed in a message‖ (1976, p: 72). It is easier to analyze and describe the cognitive equivalences of content then to find the formal equivalences of language.

2.4. Context

Analyzing sentences related to the meaning cannot be separated from the context. Context makes the sentences can be understood appropriately. About this, Leech states ―Context deals with relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance‖ (1983, p: 13).

Context is a background knowledge, which is shared by speaker and hearer in understanding their utterances. In short, someone who wants to

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understand the meaning of language used has to know exactly the context in which the language is used.

Furthermore, Malinowsky mentions two notions of context, context of situation and context of culture, which are playing important part in the interpretation of meaning. ―Context of situation is the situation in which the text is uttered. It refers to the environment of the text. Meanwhile, context of culture is the cultural background or history behind the participant‖ (in Halliday and Hassan, 1985, p: 6).

Yet, with respect to the context of situation, Bloomfield states that the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer (in Samiati, 1990, p: 20). According to Allan Keith, context can be categorized into three items, namely: setting, the world spoken of, and textual environment.

―Setting is defined on the spatio-temporal location of the utterance. It means that setting refers to a particular time and place at which a speaker makes an utterance and hearer hears or reads the utterance‖ (1986, p: 36);

―The world spoken of is the world which is revealed in a certain utterance. It can be the real world of man’s experience, or it can be the dream world, the fictional world or even the mix of factual and fictional world‖ (1986, p: 37);

―The textual environment is a text in which an utterance happens. The text containing certain utterance will show what world is being spoken of, and also what persons, places, objects, states, events, acts, etc are being spoken of in the utterance‖ (1986, p: 37).

With respect to the three items of context, it can be summarized that setting refers to time and place at which an utterance goes on, and the world spoken of refers to the matter which is being discussed through the utterance,

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while the textual environment refers to a text in which an utterance occurs. So, the three components complete one another.

Based on some definitions above, it can be concluded that context includes time; the topic which is discussed; an information-background of an utterance or a sentence in terms of the participants involved in communication; place at which the utterance or the sentence occurs; and the textual characteristic in which the utterance or sentence happens.

2.5. Techniques of Adjustment

Technique of adjustment is often used by the translator in order to gain the most equivalent result from the SL to the RL. It deals with what the translator does in term of addition, subtraction, and alteration in this translation. Such technique is consistent with Nida’s idea as follows;

―The present chapter deals with the technique of adjustment used in the process of translating. Here we are concerned, therefore, not with why the translator does one thing or another, but with what he does, in terms of addition, subtraction, and alteration.‖ (1964, p: 226) Further, Nida states that ―the essential purpose of these techniques are to produce correct equivalent, not to serve as an excuse for tampering with the source language message‖ (1964, p: 226).

Nida states that the essential purposes of adjustment are as follows:

1. Permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirement of the structure of the receptor;

2. Produce semantically equivalent structures; 3. Provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness; and

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4. Carry an equivalent communication load (1964, p: 226-238).

The following are the brief explanation of adjustments techniques proposed by Nida:

1. Addition

According to Nida in his book entitled Toward A Science Translation, there are so many types of addition which may be employed in the process of translating, among them the most common and important are shown in the section below. Many of these additions are actually a part of the process of structural alteration, so that one technique of adjustment cannot be rigidly isolated from another (1964, p: 227).

a. Filling out elliptical expression

Though ellipsis occurs in all languages, the particular structures which permit such ―omitted‖ words are by no means identical from language to language. Accordingly, in an expression almost obligatory elliptical in one language, an ellipsis may not be permitted in another (Nida 1964, p: 227).

Example:

SL: ―She is smarter than I‖

TL: ―Dia lebih pintar daripada saya yang pintar‖

The translation is filled by elliptical construction yang pintar to emphasize that the subject I in RL is also smart but not as smart as She.

b. Obligatory specifications

The specification required in some translations result from one of two reasons; (a) ambiguity in the receptor language formations, and (b) the fact that

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greater specifity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference (Nida 1964, p: 228).

Example:

SL: ―Ron… to the school…‖

TL: ―Saya, Ron, pergi ke sekolah…”

The source language tells us about Ron only, however, the narrator is not stated, whereas the narrator is Ron. Therefore, it is necessary to add the word saya. So the translation on the target language is clear enough.

c. Additions required by grammatical restructuring

Almost any type of restructuring of a source language expression can result in some lexical ambiguity. Perhaps the most common instances which require amplification are:

1. Alteration of word classes.

Probably the most frequent additions must be made when there is a shift in word classes (Nida, 1964, p: 228).

Example:

SL : ―False journalist.‖

TL : ―Orang yang berpura-pura menjadi wartawan.‖

The alteration of word class above happens in the adjective false that may be shifted into another class of words expressed by prepositions or conjunctions and then carried by verbs. Thus, the word false is altered into a full sentence and the addition, of course, appeared to be orang yang berpura-pura.

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2. Modification from indirect to direct discourse.

When an indirect discourse, whether explicit or implicit, is changed into a direct discourse a number of elements must be added. This is especially so when the discourse is largely implicit (Nida, 1964, p: 228).

Example:

SL: Mom informed us that she would go to Jakarta the next day.

TL: Ibu berkata, “Ibu akan pergi ke Jakarta besok.‖

The word berkata is added as the predicate because the translator changes indirect sentence into direct sentence.

3. Shifts of voice.

When a passive expression is changed to an active one it is obviously necessary to insert the agent.

Example:

SL: ―He was elected president.‖ (passive voice)

TL: ―Merekamemilih dia menjadi presiden.‖ (active voice)

As seen on the example of the passive voice above, the subject of the sentence receives the action whereas we use the active voice when the subject of the sentence does the action as seen on the second example. In passive voice we do not need to insert the agent, while in active voice it is necessary to insert the agent, in this instance is mereka.

d. Amplification from implicit to explicit status

Important semantic elements carried implicitly in the SL may require explicit identification in the receptor language.

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Example:

SL: Her sense of humour does lighten the general air of claustrophobia. TL: Rasa humornya memang mengisyaratkan tanda -tanda umum

claustrophobia yaitu suatu perasan takut berada di ruangan tertutup. On the example above, the translator gives a clear explanation about what is meant by claustrophobia to avoid perplexity in reading the translation, because such term like claustrophobia may sounds unfamiliar for the RL reader.

e. Classifiers

Classifiers provide a convenient device for building meaningful redundancy into an overload text, especially in languages which readily employ such terms to identify proper names and borrowed terms.

Example:

SL: All Chinese are also our brothers. TL: Semua etnis China juga saudara kita.

Chinese is a person who originally comes from China. In other words, he or she professes China blood. The translator adds the word etnis to explain that what is meant by Chinese is China people.

f. Connectives

Transitionals, which consist of the repetition of segments of the preceding text, are widely used in many languages. Such transitionals appreciably increase the total volume of the text, but do not add information (Nida, 1964, p: 230). Example:

SL: Avoid using it during the first trimester of pregnancy, patients with gastric ultras.

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TL: Hindari penggunaan Bisolvon pada tiga bulan pertama kehamilan dan pada penderita tukak lambung.

The translator adds the word dan on the target language. It is used to denote the relationship between the first sentence and the next phrase.

g. Doublets

Doublets happen in a certain type of discourse, they denote the conversation. In some languages, some texts employ the types of additions to denote the direct conversation; therefore, those texts resemble a quotation mark. But in a particular occasion the translator has to state the supporting explanation. Example:

SL: ―He said…‖

TL: ―Dia berkata…katanya…‖

From the example above, we can conclude that doublet usually appears on the certain type of context used to denote the direct conversation and function as the quotation mark.

2. Subtraction

Though, in translating, subtractions are neither so numerous nor varied as additions, they are, nevertheless, highly important in the process of adjustment (Nida, 1964, p: 231). They include primarily the following types

a. Repetition

In many languages one of the many repeated lexical items must be omitted or in some cases replaced by a term that intensifies the expression in question. Example:

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TL: ―Sekarang mainkanlah untukku! Aku akan menari!‖

As seen in the example above, the translator omits the word now to avoid the repetition of information. This kind of omission is done to make an effective sentence in RL.

b. Specification of reference

The repetition of a proper name in two closely related sentences sometimes is misleading, thus omission can be applied.

Example:

SL: Tata is happy because she is going to have a long holiday. TL: Tata senang karena akan mendapatkan libur panjang.

The translator reduces the participant she into Tata on the translation because it has been mentioned on the first clause.

c. Conjunctions

Two principal types of conjunctions are lost, namely: (a) those associated with hypotactic constructions; and (b) those which link coordinates, elements often combined without conjunctions, either in appositional relationships. Referring to point (a), it can be explained that hypotactic conjunction is the conjunction relating two or more clauses, but each clause has a different position, one as a dependent clause and the other as an independent clause (Nida, 1964, p: 232). It can be seen in the example below:

SL: I was sick, so that I couldn’t go to the office. TL: Saya sakit, saya tidak masuk kerja.

The translator reduces the hypotactic conjunction so that in the dependent clause, therefore it becomes paratactic in the RL.

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The conjunction denoting the coordinate of the lexical element, which is usually related without a certain conjunction will be seen on the next example:

SL: Sue, who is my sister, went to Singapore last week. TL: Sue, kakak saya, pergi ke Singapura minggu lalu.

As seen on the example above, the translator omits the conjunction who is in the target language.

d. Vocative

All languages have ways of calling to people, but in some languages there is no means by which one may directly address another in a polite form (Nida, 1964, p: 232). In certain situation, the ways of calling to people (vocatives) can be shifted into nearby clause or omitted, if the total impact does not distort the meaning.

Example:

SL: Sam said to Bill, ―Dad where are you going?‖ TL: Sam berkata pada Bill, ayahnya, pergi kemana?”

The use of the name or a title in a direct form may imply that the person was at some distance or that he was roundly denounced before others. In the example above the vocative dad is shifted into a nearby clause.

e. Formulae

A number of formulae in SL are relatively meaningless in receptor language. Hence, the formulae may be subtracted.

Example:

SL: ―… in His name.‖ TL: ―…oleh-Nya.‖

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The example above shows us that the clause in His name can be translated into oleh-Nya because the word His name and –Nya refer to the same object which is God.

f. Categories

The insistence of some translators that all categories in the original be fully reflected in the receptor language text has resulted in very awkward translations. When the receptor language simply has no corresponding category the translator has no problem. He is simply obliged to omit such references, or to express them in entirely different ways (Nida, 1964, p: 232). This problem can be found in the difference of Indonesian and English tense system.

Example:

SL: I am sitting in front of my teacher now. TL: Saya sedang duduk di depan guru saya.

English has the system of tenses that are used to explain about when the action is done, but Indonesian does not have because it will bring redundancy. As seen on the example above, the translation of the adverb of time now does not exist in RL sentence. It is because the existence of word sedang denotes that the action happens in the present time.

g. Transitionals

Transitionals differ from conjunctions in that, instead of combining two formally related units, they serve merely to mark a translation from one unit to another (Nida, 1964, p: 232). Transitional constitutes a short and efficient paraphrase to substitute the equivalent meaning that has been mentioned before.

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Example:

SL: We have been going in a long journey since the morning, here comes the time for us to have dinner.

TL: Kita telah melakukan perjalanan jauh sejak tadi pagi, sekarang kita makan malam.

As stated before, transitional is a short paraphrase. It can be seen on the phrase here comes the time which is translated into sekarang. It means that the subtraction happens on the phrase here comes the time. After looking at the translation, we can conclude that transitional is an effective manner to paraphrase long words into a shorter word.

3. Alteration

According to Nida, alterations may, of course, be all types, from the simplest problems of correspondence in sounds to the most complicated adjustment in idiomatic phrases. Some types of alteration are discussed below. a. Sounds

Even the most consistent system of transliteration may occasionally produce a severe difficulty, since the resulting form may have another meaning in the receptor language.

Example:

SL: John said, ―I love you, babe.

TL: John berkata: “Aku mencintaimu, sayang.”

The word babe is quite misleading for Indonesian especially for Betawinese. The word babe in Betawi means father, while in English it means darling. The translator must be careful in translating the word babe. The example above is

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uttered by John (an English person) so it is appropriate to translate the word babe into sayang.

b. Categories

Alteration of categories include shifts from a singular expression to plural, a past-tense to a future, passive to active voice, etc. The employment of expressions which have no corresponding function in the source language also belongs to this class of alteration (Nida, 1964, p: 234).

Example:

SL: I am gripped by them

TL: Buku-buku tersebut sungguh memikat hati saya.

The shifts from passive to active involve similar alterations of categories. The subject is changed from I into buku-buku tersebut. The object of the first sentence (them = buku-buku tersebut) is put as a subject in the second sentence. c. Word classes

Alteration of word classes includes the shifts from noun to verb, preposition to verb, etc.

Examples:

SL: ―You’re saying it wrong,‖ Harry heard Hermione snapped.

TL: “Cara ngomongmu salah,” Harry mendengar Hermione menukas.

The alteration of word class can be seen when the translator translate the word saying into cara ngomong. Saying is a verb while cara ngomong is a noun phrase.

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d. Order

The shifts are used to emphasize important elements in a sentence, and provide a pleasing rhyme, so they can make clear of a complicated expression. Example:

SL: The Queen knew only too well that the simple act of getting the Waleses to talk at all was a miracle.

TL: Ratu sangat memahami bahwa hanya keajaiban belaka yang dapat membuat pasangan Wales berbicara.

There is a change of order in the example above. In the first sentence, the word was a miracle is put in the end of the sentence, but in the translation it is put in the middle of the sentence. The change of order is done to make a natural translation. e. Clause and sentence structure

The most serious problems of alteration in clause and sentence structure are found in shifts between hypotactic and paratactic formations, with or without additions or subtractions of lexical elements.

Two other important alterations in clause and structure involve: 1. Shifts from questions to statements.

Example:

SL: Haven’t I told you he is not going! TL: Sudah kubilang dia tidak boleh pergi! 2. Changes from indirect discourse to direct.

Example:

SL: He warns the boys not to swim out too far.

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f. Semantic problems involving single words

All the semantic problems involving single words arise from distinctions in hierarchical status. Accordingly, alterations of this type may be classified on the basis of whether the lexical elements in question are of a lower rank, of a higher rank, of a higher rank plus qualifiers, or of the same rank but shifted in position (Nida, 1964, p: 236)

Examples:

SL: They celebrate the Easter.

TL: Mereka merayakan hari raya Paskah.

Every Christian all over the world celebrate the Easter because Easter is one of Christian’s holy days. English people use the word Easter while Indonesian calls it hari raya Paskah. The translator alterates the term Easter into hari raya Paskah.

g. Semantic problems involving exocentric expressions

This type of alteration is applied to translate expressions or idioms. Because of the different social-cultural background between the SL and RL, consequently a translator often makes a radical change in translating idioms or expressions.

Example:

SL: ―Load of old tosh,‖ said uncle Vernon.

TL: “Omong kosong besar,” kata paman Vernon.

The idiom load of old tosh is used to indicate that someone is talking about something that does not make sense. In Indonesia load of old tosh means omong

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kosong besar. The translator translates it in an appropriate way because those idioms have the same meaning.

2.6. Accuracy and Acceptability

The quality assessment of translation is intended to identify whether a piece of translation is accurate, readable, acceptable and does not sound as a translation product. The quality assessment covers three points, they are:

1. The Accuracy

Accurate means reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text. In translating a text, accuracy is an important thing for the translator to concern. As Baker states,

―Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation but it is also important to bear in mind that the use of common target language patterns which are familiar to the target reader plays an important role in keeping the communication channels open (1992, p: 57).‖

It can be said that in translating a text the translator should also concern to the familiar language pattern which is usually use by the target readers. It is also relates to the quality of results and is distinguished from correctness.

Accuracy is not only at the word level, it is also involving every grammatical level of the language. A translation text may be accurate based on the words which are used in transferring the meaning from the source language to the target language, but if it does not have relation to each other according to the standard rules of grammar and language usage, it can be said not accurate.

Therefore, a translator must have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated to have a full understanding of the subject matter. Only by having a full

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and clear understanding of the concepts involved in the subject matter can a translator produce a translation which is both accurate and easy to read.

2. The Readability

Readability refers to how easily a translation can be read. The more natural are the vocabularies and the forms used in translation, the higher it will rank readability. Richard et al defines the readability as ―readability…how easily written materials can be read and understood‖ (in Nababan, 1999, p: 63).

3. The Acceptability

―A good translation does not sound like a translation‖ (Nida and Taber, 1969). It means that the text which is translated sound natural for the target readers. To make the translation acceptable or sound natural for the target reader, a translator does not only have to translate whatever it is stated in the source language, but she/he also has to reconstruct, adapt, or even rewrite it.

Acceptability can only be measured by the target language native speakers as Larsson states, ―The person who does the testing must also understand translation principles and knows the receptor language as well. If she/he needs some respondents, they must be also target language native speaker (1984, p: 472). Those who are helping with the evaluation should be mother-tongue speakers of the receptor language‖ (1984, p: 49). Based on those reasons, to make a translation acceptable to the target reader, a translator must have more sensitivity to the naturalness of the target language.

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However, not all target language native speakers can be respondents of acceptability because each text has its own target readers. Therefore, it needs proper target reader to measure the level of acceptability of a translation text.

Based on those reasons, the researcher limited this research only in the accuracy and acceptability of a novel ―Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows‖ and its translation. Since this book does not mention the specific target readers, therefore the researcher decided only to analyze its accuracy and acceptability.

2.7. Definition of Sentence

There are many definitions about ‗sentence’ said by the linguistics such as Marcella Frank who states that ―a sentence is a full predication containing a subject plus a predicate with finite verb. The classifications of sentence are: declarative sentence (statement), interrogative sentence (question), imperative sentence (command request), exclamatory sentence (exclamation)‖ (1972, p: 22).

While Joseph C. Blumenthal et all, define a sentence as ―a group of words expressing a completed thought and containing at least a verb and its subject‖ (1983, p: 248).

From the definition by Blumenthal above, we can conclude that a sentence, at least, consists of a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.

The subject of a sentence,, according to Blumenthal, is something about which a statement is made (1983, p: 250). It can be a noun or any word or group of words substituting for a noun. Meanwhile, Hodges in Harbrace College

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Handbook defines subject as ―a basic grammatical division of a sentence. Subject is a noun or noun substitute about which something is asserted or asked in the predicate. It usually precedes the predicate‖ (1984, p: 555).

In order to complete a good sentence, a subject is always followed by the predicate, which according to House and Harman, ―predicate is the word or group of words denoting that which is said of the subject‖ (1950, p: 12). The predicate may only be a finite verb, or it may be a finite verb with its complements and modifiers.

2.8. Classification of Sentence

According to Warriner in his book English Grammar and Composition, sentences are classified into to which are according to structure and according to meaning. These classifications are discussed in the following paragraphs.

1. Classification of sentence according to structure

a. A simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause and no subordinate clauses. The simple sentence always contains one subject and one verb.

Example: The manager supervises the running program.

b. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses that are related in thought and joined by one or more coordinating conjunctions.

Example: The manager is rewriting the instruction, and he will submit his draft to the board of directors for approval.

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c. The complex sentence is one that consists of at least one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Major emphasis is placed on the independent clause and the dependent clause gains its meaning from the independent clause. The clauses in a complex sentence that has only two clauses are joined by a subordinating conjunction.

Example: You earn money while you work.

d. A compound-complex sentence consists of a compound sentence (one with two or more independent clause) and at least one dependent clause.

Example: Some of the employees who worked during the war years have retired, but many of them are still employed in the same office (1958, p: 81).

2. Classification of sentence according to meaning

a. A declarative sentence is one that makes a statement. Such a sentence ends with a period. The normal grammatical order of the parts of a declarative sentence is the subject first followed by the predicate with all its modifiers.

Example: I found her book on my desk.

b. An imperative sentence is one that gives a command or makes a request. The subject of an imperative sentence is seldom expressed. The word you, understood, is the subject when a subject is not used. A period is normally used at the end of an imperative sentence; however, it may be followed by an exclamation point if it is an emphatic command.

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- Close the door!

c. An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question. The normal grammatical order of the words is inverted in an interrogative sentence and the sentence may begin with either a verb or an adverb with the subject following. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.

Examples: - Did you hear the bell sound?

- Where did you file the incoming letter?

d. An exclamatory sentence is a complete sentence that expresses surprise, excitement, or other strong emotion. The order of the sentence is generally inverted—the subject and verb are placed near the end. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point.

Examples: - What a storm that was!

- How wonderful that is for you! (1958, p: 41)

However, if the speaker shows strong feeling when making a statement, asking a question, or giving a command then the speaker’s sentence is exclamatory.

Examples: - I won the prize! - Wasn’t he funny!

- Help! Call the ambulance!

In other words, when the declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences are expressed with strong feelings (fear, anger, excitement, dread, joy, delight, etc.) they can be called exclamatory.

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2.9. Style

Style refers to the way or manner an individual writer writes. Each writer has his own style. Weisman defines ―Style is the way a person puts words together into sentences, arranges sentences into paragraph, and groups of paragraphs to make a piece of writing express his thoughts clearly,‖ (1980, p: 25). Nida and Taber define style, ―the patterning of choices made by a particular author within the resource and limitation of the language and of the literary genre he is working. It is his style which gives to a text its uniqueness and which relates the text personally to its author‖ (1969, p: 207).

A writer expresses his emotions, attitudes, and aesthetics through his choice of lexical items and grammatical forms. The writer hopes that his expressive words or sentences bring an effect to the readers and then the readers get certain impression from them.

2.10. About the Novel

Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows is the seventh book of Harry Potter’s novel that is written by J. K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 July 2007, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing, in the United States by Scholastic, in Canada by Raincoast Books, and in Australia and New Zealand by Allen & Unwin.

Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows that is released globally in ninety-three countries broke sales records as the fastest-selling book. It sold 15 million

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copies in the first day following its release, including more than 11 million in the U.S. and U.K. alone. The previous record, nine million in its first day, had been held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The novel has also been translated into numerous languages, including Ukrainian, Swedish, Polish, Hindi and Indonesian.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Type of Research

In this study, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative method which is defined by Soetrisno Hadi that in descriptive method, the researcher tries to collect data, analyze data, and to draw conclusion without formulating a hypothesis (1984, p: 3). In descriptive method, the researcher described the object of the study without generalizing the result of the study.

Bell states ―some qualitative studies start without a hypothesis or objectives being specified‖ (1993, p: 19). Meanwhile, Cresswell states ―qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process, meaning and understanding gained through words or picture‖ (1994, p: 145). Qualitative method describes phenomena in words instead of numbers or measures.

3.2. Data and Source of Data

Arikunto states, ―Yang dimaksud dengan sumber data dalam penelitian adalah subyek dari mana data diperoleh‖ (1987, p: 162). Meanwhile, according to Djajasudarma, ―The data can be obtained from scripts, interviews, photography, videotapes, personal documents, etc‖ (1993, p: 15). The source of data here constitutes a subject from which all the data are obtained.

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The source of data of this research is J.K. Rowling’s famous novel entitled Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows and the raters. The novel itself was published by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London (2007) and its Indonesian translation, Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian that was published by Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama (2008), whereas the raters are three people who have both Indonesian and English competence, communicative competence, and translation competence, who provide data in relation to the influence of the technique of adjustment in its translation.

Furthermore, the data of this research are the exclamatory sentences that experience technique of adjustment in terms of addition, subtraction and alteration.

3.3. Sample and Sampling Technique

According to Lexy Moleong, in qualitative inquiry, sampling is gathering information as many as possible from various sources and construction (2002, p: 224). Sutopo explains that source of data in qualitative research do not represent population but tend to represent the information (2006, p: 57).

The researcher employs a total sampling technique. Therefore she takes all exclamatory sentences that experience technique of adjustment as reflected in the novel Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows which are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Those sentences are taken as sample of this research. In addition, the questionnaire which has been assessed by three raters to find the accuracy and acceptability of the translation of the novel are included in the analysis.

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3.4. Research Procedure

The research was conducted following the procedure below:

1. The first step taken by the researcher is to collect all dialogues which are assumed as exclamatory-sentences in the novel of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows, both from the original script of the novel and their translation in Indonesia.

2. The data gathered are, then, sorted out to find those that are compatible with the criteria established.

3. The researcher gives codes to each datum based on the series numbers, page numbers, and from where the datum is selected.

4. The researcher analyzes the data obtained.

5. The results of the translation are then compared to their original message to know the influence of technique of adjustment.

6. The researcher counts the frequency-distribution of the data based on their classification.

7. Finally, the results of the analysis are used to draw conclusion to answer the problems proposed.

3.5. Technique of Collecting Data

The data of the research include exclamatory sentences which experience technique of adjustment in terms of addition, subtraction and alteration. The data are taken from a book entitled Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows written by JK Rowling.

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The procedures of collecting data in this research are as follows:

1. The researcher reads the whole story of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows and its translation, Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian.

2. The researcher is taking the data from the data source, namely, exclamatory sentences and their translation in Indonesian.

3. The researcher identifies the exclamatory sentences that experience adjustment in their translation, whether it is in terms of addition, subtraction or alteration, based on the grammatical and structural characteristics.

4. The researcher makes data coding in order to make an easy classification of data, as follows:

a. A datum with codes of 001/HPaTDH-031 means that it is the first datum taken from the original book, Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows, on page 31.

b. A datum with codes of 002/HPdRK-036 means that it is the first datum taken from the translated book, Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian, on page 36.

c. Additional data coding are also made to clarify such technique that has been applied and its purpose, as follows:

Add : Technique of adjustment in terms of addition. Sub : Technique of adjustment in terms of subtraction. Alt : Technique of adjustment in terms of alteration.

Alt+Add : Technique of adjustment in terms of alteration and addition. Alt+Sub : Technique of adjustment in terms of alteration and subtraction.

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Struc : The purpose of using such technique in order to permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of the structure of the receptor language.

Sem : The purpose of using such technique in order to produce semantically equivalent structure.

Sty : The purpose of using such technique in order to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness.

Comm : The purpose of using such technique in order to carry an equivalent communication load.

5. The researcher uses two methods in collecting the data, namely, content analysis and questionnaire. In the first method, content analysis, the researcher collects the data from the source of data, i.e. exclamatory sentences that experience technique of adjustment. In the second method, the researcher uses a close and open-ended questionnaire. The raters, who have to complete the questionnaire to rate the accuracy and acceptability of the translation, should give mark or score of the accuracy and acceptability of the translation and then they might give their comments related to the translation.

3.6. Technique of Analyzing Data

After the data are collected by means of total sampling technique, the data analysis is conducted in several steps, as follows:

1. The researcher collects the data and found the exclamatory sentences and their translation. Next, the researcher gives codes to each datum which is collected.

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For example 001/HPaTDH-SL/031, means the first data from the source language novel, Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows, on page 31.

2. After collects and gives code to each datum, the researcher classifies the types of adjustment of exclamatory sentence translation into five types, which are addition, subtraction, alteration, addition and alteration, and subtraction and alteration. These classifications are based on grammatical or structural characteristics. Furthermore, the researcher analyzes the purpose of using such technique of adjustment and classifies them into four essential purposes which are to permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of the structure of the receptor language, to produce semantically equivalent structure, to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness and to carry an equivalent communication load.

3. The researcher arranges questionnaire containing the data from the source language and its translation. Then, the researcher asks the raters to analyze the influence of technique of adjustment applied by the translator in dealing with the exclamatory sentences. The influences are in the form of quality of assessment in translation namely accuracy and acceptability.

4. After analyzing the data, the researcher counts the percentage of the data on each classification.

5. Finally, the researcher classifies the result of the data analysis to draw the conclusion.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction

This chapter describes the result of the data analysis which is expected to answer the problem statements of the research. The data analysis is a significant part because from the whole analysis, the conclusion of what had been researched can be drawn. The conclusion constitutes the final results of the research. The analysis is conducted by comparing the original clause in the Source Language (English) and the result of translation in the Receptor Language (Indonesian).

The data are analyzed to describe the exclamatory sentence and its changing both in grammatical and structure. Firstly, the researcher analyzes the data in terms of the techniques of adjustment applied in translating the exclamatory sentences. There are five kinds of techniques of adjustment employed by the translator. Secondly, the researcher analyzes the purpose of using such technique. There are four purposes that are proposed by Nida. Finally, the researcher attempts to determine the translation quality as defined in two components: accuracy and acceptability. The findings of the discussion will then answer each problem statement posed for the research.

As mentioned earlier, this chapter attempts to answer the questions stated in the problem statement as follows:

1. How are the exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows translated into Indonesian in terms of technique of adjustments?

2. What purposes that underlie the translator to do such adjustment? 44

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3. How are the accuracy and acceptability of the translations of exclamatory-sentence that experience such adjustments in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows novel?

Thus, in this chapter, the researcher analyzes 121 data forming exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows novel in terms of their techniques of adjustment, purposes of using such techniques and accuracy and acceptability levels.

In assembling this research, the researcher attempts to make it systematically in order to be read easily. Therefore, the classifications of each problem statement are made. The classification of the technique of adjustments includes such those defined by Nida as adjustment in terms of addition, subtraction, alteration, the combination addition and alteration, and subtraction and alteration. The purposes underlie the translator to do such adjustments are also taken from Nida’s idea which are permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirement of the structure of the receptor, produce semantically equivalent structures, provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness and carry an equivalent communication load.

The level of accuracy is divided into three: accurate, less accurate, and inaccurate. The translation is considered accurate when the message or the content of the source text is fully transferred to the target text. In that case, there is no need to rewrite it. The translation is considered less accurate when there are some additions or deletion found, but it occasionally needs minor changes in order

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TT : Dumbledore memang sudah sekarat ketika Snape menghabisinya! (122/HPdRK-976/Alt/Sem)

The example above is the datum that given score 3 from each of the raters. From the whole sentence and based on the context of situation, the translator has succeed to deliver the equivalent message in the source language into the target one. The faithfulness of the source language text is still maintained in the target language text. Thus, The raters give score 3 since the message or the content of the source text is fully transferred to the target text. The translation is clear, and no rewriting is needed. The researcher also finds that the applying of technique of adjustment in term of alteration above is impressive.

e.g. ST : Nice night for it! (111/HPaTDH-499/Sub/Sty)

TT : Malam yang menyenangkan! (111/HPdRK-818/Sub/Sty)

The datum above is considered acceptable in the target text although there is a phrase that omitted by the translator. Therefore, the raters give score 3 for it since the omitted phrase is no longer needed in the target text. Based on the context of situation, the message of the omitted phrase has already included somewhere in the text and therefore the translator avoid to do a repetition that will create unnatural translation result. In conclusion, the translation text of the second example is considered to be natural, nearly unlike a translation work and no grammatical error.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusion

In this chapter, the researcher tries to conclude results of the research based on the data analysis. The research purposes to illustrate the way of translating the exclamatory-sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows into Indonesian in terms of adjustment made by the translator. In addition, the researcher has also demonstrated the purposes behind applying such technique of adjustments and its accuracy and acceptability.

After the data analysis has been completed, the researcher draws conclusions on the basis of the problem statements and the data analysis. The conclusions are as follows:

1. With regard to the technique of adjustment used by the translator, the translations of exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows have adjustments in terms of:

a. Addition, it amounts 24 data (19.8%). b. Subtraction, it amounts 26 data (21.5%). c. Alteration, it amounts 62 data (51.2%).

d. Addition and alteration, it amounts 2 data (1.7%). e. Subtraction and alteration, it amounts 7 data (5.8%).

Adjustment in terms of alteration is the commonest technique used to translate the exclamatory sentences in this novel. There are 62 data (51.2%)

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included to this technique of adjustment. In other words, this adjustment is the most frequent technique applied by the translator compared to the other four adjustments. Despite the technique of adjustments, the meanings in the source text whatsoever are conveyed well. This is confirmed by the fact that the reader finds the translation result is highly comprehended in terms of both the accuracy and acceptability.

2. Based on the purposes of using technique of adjustments, there are four essential purposes, namely:

a. The adjustment is to permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of the structure of the receptor language, it amounts 4 data (3.3%).

b. The adjustment is to produce semantically equivalent structures, it amounts 23 data (19%).

c. The adjustment is to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness, it amounts 65 data (53.7%).

d. The adjustment is to carry an equivalent communication load, it amounts 29 data (24%).

The essential purpose of technique of adjustment that frequently appears is to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness with 65 data (53.7%). To deal with piece of writing such as translation, style of a writer is needed to convey similar expression with that in the source language. Therefore, in this novel the translator has her own style and applied it to deliver equal emotions,

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attitudes, and aesthetics in the target language so that the reader experiences the exact fixations resembling to the source language.

3. Based on the rating to accuracy and acceptability dimensions of the target text supplied by the three raters, the accuracy and acceptability levels are as follows:

a. 75 data (62%) are considered accurate. b. 45 data (37.2%) are considered less accurate. c. 1 datum (0.8%) is considered inaccurate. d. 110 data (91%) are considered acceptable. e. 11 data (9%) are considered less acceptable. f. 0 datum (0%) is considered unacceptable.

The mean score of the whole data in terms of accuracy level is 2.6. It indicates that the message of the data containing exclamatory sentence that experiences technique of adjustment in Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallow novel is considered accurate. The message or the content of the source text is fully transferred to the target text. The translated text is clear, and no rewriting is needed. The translator’s emphasis on accuracy is to retain the same meaning in the translation which shows loyalty to the SL text.

In term of its acceptability, the researcher also finds that the mean score for the whole data in the acceptability of the message transfer of the translation is 2.8. It means that the message of the exclamatory sentences data in The Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows novel is naturally translated into the target text. It is nearly unlike a translation work, and there is no

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grammatical error. In other words, the message of the translation can be understood. It can be said that the translation is an acceptable one since there is almost no significant grammatical mistake exists, and it sounds natural.

The major aim of the translator in rendering the ST into the TT is to provide the audience with an accurate and acceptable translation. In that end, the translator should take technique of translation into consideration. To bear in mind, accuracy will affect the acceptability of the translation in the source language text. A good and proper choice of technique of translation will lead to an accurate and acceptable translation.

5.2. Suggestions

Based on the conclusions of the study above, the researcher suggests several points to the translator and other researcher as follows:

1. The translator

The translator should pay attention to the closest equivalence of the source language since each country has its own language and culture. To avoid misinterpretation and translation failure, the translator should be able to choose and to apply the appropriate technique of translation in order to produce a quality translation. The translator should be aware that there are differences of the source and target language systems, either grammatically, semantically, or stylistically.

commit to user 2. Other researcher

The application of the technique of adjustment in translation is interesting to be examined since the usage of adjustment is very common in practices of translating. Thus, a researcher can make further research related to the application of the techniques of adjustment in translation.

Furthermore, the researcher also suggested that other researchers have to be careful enough in choosing the respondents to fill the questionnaire. They should choose the right respondents who understand and expert in the field of the research that will be studied. So, the next researcher and the respondents could have the same point of view in purpose to make the result of the research more reliable.