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TL:
Hindari penggunaan Bisolvon pada tiga bulan pertama kehamilan dan
pada penderita tukak lambung.
The translator adds the word
dan
on the target language. It is used to denote the relationship between the first sentence and the next phrase.
g. Doublets
Doublets happen in a certain type of discourse, they denote the conversation. In some languages, some texts employ the types of additions to
denote the direct conversation; therefore, those texts resemble a quotation mark. But in a particular occasion the translator has to state the supporting explanation.
Example: SL: ―He said…‖
TL: ―Dia berkata…katanya…‖
From the example above, we can conclude that doublet usually appears on the certain type of context used to denote the direct conversation and function as
the
quotation mark
.
2. Subtraction
Though, in translating, subtractions are neither so numerous nor varied as additions, they are, nevertheless, highly important in the process of adjustment
Nida, 1964, p: 231. They include primarily the following types a.
Repetition In many languages one of the many repeated lexical items must be omitted
or in some cases replaced by a term that intensifies the expression in question. Example:
SL: ―Play for me now
Now
I’ll dance‖
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TL: ―Sekarang mainkanlah untukku Aku akan menari‖
As seen in the example above, the translator omits the word
now
to avoid the repetition of information. This kind of omission is done to make an effective
sentence in RL. b.
Specification of reference The repetition of a proper name in two closely related sentences
sometimes is misleading, thus omission can be applied. Example:
SL: Tata is happy because
she
is going to have a long holiday. TL:
Tata senang karena akan mendapatkan libur panjang.
The translator reduces the participant
she
into
Tata
on the translation because it has been mentioned on the first clause.
c. Conjunctions
Two principal types of conjunctions are lost, namely: a those associated with hypotactic constructions; and b those which link coordinates, elements
often combined without conjunctions, either in appositional relationships. Referring to point a, it can be explained that hypotactic conjunction is the
conjunction relating two or more clauses, but each clause has a different position, one as a dependent clause and the other as an independent clause Nida, 1964, p:
232. It can be seen in the example below:
SL: I was sick, so that
I couldn’t go to the office. TL: Saya sakit, saya tidak masuk kerja.
The translator reduces the hypotactic conjunction
so that
in the dependent clause, therefore it becomes paratactic in the RL.
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The conjunction denoting the coordinate of the lexical element, which is usually related without a certain conjunction will be seen on the next example:
SL: Sue,
who is
my sister, went to Singapore last week. TL:
Sue, kakak saya, pergi ke Singapura minggu lalu.
As seen on the example above, the translator omits the conjunction
who is
in the target language.
d. Vocative
All languages have ways of calling to people, but in some languages there is no means by which one may directly address another in a polite form Nida,
1964, p: 232. In certain situation, the ways of calling to people vocatives can be shifted into nearby clause or omitted, if the total impact does not distort the
meaning. Example:
SL: Sam said to Bill, ―Dad where are you going?‖
TL:
Sam berkata pada Bill, ayahnya
, pergi kemana?” The use of the name or a title in a direct form may imply that the person was at
some distance or that he was roundly denounced before others. In the example above the vocative dad is shifted into a nearby clause.
e. Formulae
A number of formulae in SL are relatively meaningless in receptor language. Hence, the formulae may be subtracted.
Example: SL:
―… in His name.‖ TL: ―…oleh-Nya.‖
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The example above shows us that the clause
in His name
can be translated into
oleh-Nya
because the word
His name
and
–
Nya
refer to the same object which is God.
f. Categories
The insistence of some translators that all categories in the original be fully reflected in the receptor language text has resulted in very awkward
translations. When the receptor language simply has no corresponding category the translator has no problem. He is simply obliged to omit such references, or to
express them in entirely different ways Nida, 1964, p: 232. This problem can be found in the difference of Indonesian and English tense system.
Example:
SL: I am sitting in front of my teacher now.
TL:
Saya sedang duduk di depan guru saya.
English has the system of tenses that are used to explain about when the action is done, but Indonesian does not have because it will bring redundancy. As seen on
the example above, the translation of the adverb of time
now
does not exist in RL sentence. It is because the existence of word
sedang
denotes that the action happens in the present time.
g. Transitionals
Transitionals differ from conjunctions in that, instead of combining two formally related units, they serve merely to mark a translation from one unit to
another Nida, 1964, p: 232. Transitional constitutes a short and efficient paraphrase to substitute the equivalent meaning that has been mentioned before.
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Example:
SL: We have been going in a long journey since the morning, here comes the time for us to have dinner.
TL:
Kita telah melakukan perjalanan jauh sejak tadi pagi, sekarang kita
makan malam.
As stated before, transitional is a short paraphrase. It can be seen on the phrase
here comes the time
which is translated into
sekarang
. It means that the subtraction happens on the phrase here comes the time. After looking at the
translation, we can conclude that transitional is an effective manner to paraphrase long words into a shorter word.
3. Alteration
