whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the
deaf.
Contrasting through Nida and Taber 1996: 12 that explicitly giving the idea about translation as a definition as process, in case translating consist of
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source- language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
The various views, opinions and definition from the experts can complete each other. The equivalent meaning when the translator doing translating is
important, therefore the translator should pay attention to the content and style of both languages SL and TL.
b. Types of Translation
Jakobson, in article entitled ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ in McGuire, 1991: 14 states that there are 3 types of translation:
1 Intralingual translation or rewarding is an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of other signs of the same language.
2 Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of some other language.
3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of nonverbal sign systems or vice versa.
Intralingual translation has the same meaning in one language and also called monolingual translation, paraphrasing a poem in the same language and
simplifying a novel can be defined as an intralingual translation process. In interlingual translation there are two or more languages involved while there is
only one language involved in intralingual translation. This kind of translation process which is done the most often by the translator, like translated a book,
novel and dubbing the movies. Different from interlingual and intralingual
translation, in intersemiotic translations, the message is transferred from one symbol system or sign system into a language or another form. In the case of
intralingual translation, the translator uses synonyms in order to get the message from the source language. This kind of translation process often occurs on
people’s daily activities, such as reading newspaper, seeing the traffic light sign, understanding the pictures meaning, etc.
Larson 1984: 17 classifies two main kinds of translation, namely form- based translations and meaning-based translations. They are explained as follows.
1 Form-based translations
Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translations. If the two languages are related, the literal
translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items makes the translation sound
foreign. 2
Meaning-based translations Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning
of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. The translator’s goal should be to reproduce in the receptor language, a text which
communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language.
Based on Catford 1965: 21-22, there are 3 broad types or categories of translation in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks.
1 Extent of Translation
Extent translation is classified into fully and partly translation. In a fully translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, part of the SL is
replaced by the TL material. In a partly translation, some part or parts of the SL are left un-translated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL.
2 Level of translation
Two categories of the level of translation are total and restricted translation.
The total translation is a misleading term, however the total replacement involved is not replacement by equivalents at all levels. In other words, the total translation
is replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology or graphology by non-equivalent
TL phonology or graphology. While restricted translation is replacement of SL material by equivalent TL material at only one level. That is translation performed
only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
3 Ranks of Translation
Ranks of translation have two categories, rank-bounded and unbounded translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical or phonological hierarchy at
which translation equivalence is established. Rank-bounded translation always selects TL equivalence at the same rank or one rank.
