Notions of Translation Translation

1 Extent of Translation Extent translation is classified into fully and partly translation. In a fully translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, part of the SL is replaced by the TL material. In a partly translation, some part or parts of the SL are left un-translated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL. 2 Level of translation Two categories of the level of translation are total and restricted translation. The total translation is a misleading term, however the total replacement involved is not replacement by equivalents at all levels. In other words, the total translation is replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology or graphology by non-equivalent TL phonology or graphology. While restricted translation is replacement of SL material by equivalent TL material at only one level. That is translation performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis. 3 Ranks of Translation Ranks of translation have two categories, rank-bounded and unbounded translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical or phonological hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. Rank-bounded translation always selects TL equivalence at the same rank or one rank.

c. Process of Translation

Nababan 1999: 25, divides the process of translation in three major steps. They are: 1 Analyzing the ST The first step is analyzing the text. The translator analyzes the text by first reading the ST and gain the meaning in the text. The translator also analyzes the linguistics and exstralinguistics elements in the text. Linguistics elements are the elements deal with language, while exstralinguitics is the elements beyond the language, such as the culture and the social context of the text. In analyzing the linguistics elements, the translator analyzes the text at all level such as in the level of word, clause, phrase and sentence. By doing this, the translator’s analysis can gain the understanding of the meaning in the ST. 2 Transferring the meaning The second step is transferring the meaning. In this step the translator has to find the equivalent of the ST. This process happens in mind Nababan called it as proses batin. It means that this process is in the abstract form. 3 Reconstructuring The last step is reconstructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, we reconstruct it in the form of TL becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best to the text and the readers. This three steps, would be explained by the picture bellow Suryawininata in Nababan, 1999: 25: