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F. Context of Situation
Since the beginning of the 1970s, linguists have become increasingly aware of the importance of context in the interpretation of sentences. To get adequate
understanding of a text, it is necessary to discuss environment surrounding the text, which Halliday 1994 calls it as “context”. Furthermore, Edward T Hall in Parera
1989: 11 states that “Information taken out of context is meaningless and cannot be reliably interpreted”. Thus the meaning of utterances cannot be obtained by ignoring
the context, which forms the utterances. Parera 1989: 12 defines context as “situation formed by setting, activity, and relation”. It means that a context can occur
if there is an interaction between those components.
1. Setting
Setting covers: -
Material factors surround the event of linguistic interaction. -
Place covering the position or structure of thing and person. -
Time covering the sequence or arrangement of time order in linguistic interaction.
2. Activity
Activity is all behaviors happening in linguistic interaction. It covers the activity of linguistic interaction itself, non-verbal interaction, and also reaction,
perception, and feeling of the communicator and communicant.
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3. Relation
Relation refers to the relation among participants. The relation can be determined by sex, age, social status, etc.
Further, Hymes as cited in oak.cats.ohiou.edu~thompsocHymes.html assessed on February 15
th
2010 specifies the features of context, which may be relevant to the identification of type of speech event. Those features include as
follows.
1. Addressor and Addressee
Addressor refers to the speaker or the writer who produces an utterance, while addressee refers to the hearer or the reader who receives the utterance.
2. Audience
Audience includes the presence of overhearers that may contribute the specification of speech event.
3. Topic
Topic means what is being talked about.
4. Setting
Setting includes where the event is situated in place and time.
5. Channel
Channel means how contact between participants in the event is being maintained by speech, writing, signing.
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6. Code
Code includes what language or dialect or style of language is being used.
7. Message-form
Message-form includes what form is intended, for instance chat, debate, fairy-tale, etc.
8. Event
Event includes evaluation-a good sermon, a pathetic explanation.
9. Purpose
What participants intend comes about as a result of communicative event. The context of situation in conversation has an important role to interpret the
meaning of utterances. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid misinterpretation in understanding the message of an utterance.
G. Film Theory
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