Code Switching The “Sunset Drive” Program

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews the theories used in conducting the research. This review of related literature is divided into two sections, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description describes relevant theories that are used in the research. The theoretical framework provides the major relevant theories to solve the research problems and relate all the theories to the research.

A. Theoretical Description

This section discusses the five major parts of theoretical description, namely the sociolinguistics theories, utterances, communication, translation and code switching theories. The utterance theories discuss the theories that relevant to the utterance cases. The code switching theories consist of the theories which encompass the definition of code-switching, types of code switching, and the reasons of code switching. The theoretical description begins from sociolinguistics focusing on the definition of sociolinguistics in general since code switching is a study under sociolinguistics.

1. Sociolinguistics

People usually communicate through language. The discussion about the language in society is called sociolinguistics. According to Holmes 2001, p. 9, “sociolinguistics is a term that refers to the study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in multilingual speech 10 communities. ” In addition, Radford et al. 1999, p. 16 defines sociolinguistics as “the study of relationship between language use and the structure of society.” There are some factors which provide the understanding of both structure and function of language used in a certain condition. They are social background of speaker and listener relationship, context and manner of the interaction Radford, 1999, p. 16. It means that people can modify their language in a social relationship in order to be clearly understood by the addressee. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts. “And the effect of social factors such as social distance, social status, age, gender, class on language varieties dialects, registers, genres and they are concerned by identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to convey social meanings ” Holmes, 2001, p. 42. It studies on how a language is used in a society, and actually does not discuss a structure of a language. In other words, sociolinguistics is concluded as one of the branches in the linguistics focusing on the study on language used in society which will be the base for this research on code switching.

2. Utterance

This section describes the theories related to utterance, namely the definition of utterance. Carter and Carthy 2006 describe the term utterance to: The complete communicative units, which may consist of single words, phrases, clauses, and clause combinations spoken in context, in contrast to the term „sentence‟, which it reserves for units consisting of at least one main clause and any accompanying subordinate clauses, and marked by punctuation capital letters and full stops in writing p. 177. 11 In spoken language analyzing an utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral languages, it is generally but not always bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language, only their representations do. It can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways. According to Bakhtin 1986, p. 76, there are four accepted properties that utterances should have. The first is boundaries. All utterances must be bounded by a “change of speech subject”. This usually means, as previously mentioned, that they are bounded by silence. The utterance must be either responding or following a previous utterance or generating dialogue. The second is finalization. An utterance must have a clear ending, and only occurs if the speaker has said everything he or she wishes to say. The third is generic form. The choice of the speech genre is determined based on the specific circumstances and sphere in which the dialogue occurs. Utterance is a link in the chain of speech communication of a particular sphere Bakhtin, 1986, p. 91. The boundaries of the utterance are determined by a change of speech subjects. Each utterance refutes affirms, supplements, and relies upon the others, presupposes them to be known, and somehow takes them into account. Therefore, each kind of utterances is filled with various kinds of responsive reactions to other utterances of the given sphere of speech communication. Moreover, regarding this research, the term utterance will be used in the analysis of data and discussion of the research.