35
Table 3.3. The Blueprint of the Reasons for Code Switching Adapted from Malik 1994 and Gumperz 1982
Date Code Switching case
The Reasons for Code Switching L
I N
Q U
O M
E S
A T
T S
H O
P E
R S
E M
M A
K S
O C
Total Notes
LIN : Linguistic Deficiency
QUO : Quotation MES : Message Qualification
ATT : to attract attention SHO : to show identity with a group
PER : Personalization SEM : Semantic Significance
MAK : Making a Joke SOC : Social Status
2. Interview
In order to support the data collected from the observation forms, the researcher conducted a focused interview with the two main announcer of the
“Sunset Drive” program. According to Cresswell 2009, p. 107 states that a focused interview is an interview which is done in a short period of time that
allows the interviewer to follow a certain set of questions. Therefore, a focused interview only requires a short period of time because it allows the interviewer to
refer to a set of questions prepared previously. The interview was conducted in Yogyakarta on 8 July, 2014 and was recorded in form of notes. The interview
sheets attempted to give notes the background of the announcers and information about the attitude of the announcer towards code switching. The list of the
interview of this research can be seen in Appendix 3.
36
E. Data Analysis Techniques
In qualitative research, there are general steps that are used to analyze the data. The researcher used three basic steps by Miles and Huberman 1994, pp. 10-
11. The steps were elaborated as follows. 1. Data Reduction
In this step, the researcher decided the sample that would be used in this research. It means that the selected sample was believed to provide necessary
information for the research. The sample used were announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program in Swaragama FM radio, issued on September 2013. The
data used in this research were the transcript of the announcers’ utterances used in
the “Sunset Drive” program. Firstly, the researcher made the codes of the types of code switching, for instance, one of the types of code switching, namely single
word code switching was given a code SIN. Miles and Huberman 1994, p. 11 explain, data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, sorts, focuses, discards,
and organizes data in such a way that “final” conclusion can be drawn and verified. After coding the types of code switching and the possible reason of code
switching, the researcher filtered the data and reduced the data set of an entire data set by listing their categories of code switching.
2. Data Display The next step was displaying the announcers’ utterances. In presenting the
data, the data were prepared and organized, the researcher put the data into two tables. The first table would be analyzed to answer the first research problem. The
second table was used to answer the second problem formulation.
37 3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification
After conducting the two steps, the last step of the research was conclusion drawing and verification. The researcher analyzed the major answer from the
observation forms and interview related to the types of the code switching in the “Sunset Drive” program. Then, the researcher analyzed the reasons for code
switching used in the “Sunset Drive” program. The researcher then wrote up the report based on the result of the data analysis. Here, the report was not numerical
or statistical data. Instead, the researcher used words to explain the result of the research.
G. Research Procedures
In conducting the research, the researcher made a general procedure to follow, so that the researcher could conduct the research effectively and
efficiently to get the answers of the problems. The procedure can be elaborated as
follows. The first step, the researcher decided the topic that was going to be
discussed. The second step, after deciding the topic, the researcher designed the observation forms to accommodate the data of code switching cases with theories
from Asher 1994 and McCormick 1994. The third step, the researcher collected the data from the transcription of selected target recordings of the
“Sunset Drive” program. The fourth steps, the code switching cases of code switching were listed in each group of types of code switching in Table 3.2 using
the theories from Asher 1994 and Mc Cormick 1994. The fifth step, the researcher analyzed the reasons for
code switching found in the radio announcers’
