Types of Code Switching

17 language used. It happens when people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified and it is happened only in one context and without any change of the topic. For example, an English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of a present continuous tense to the first- grade students of junior high school. Unfortunately, the students have not understood about the teacher‟s explanation about the lesson, particularly how to use that tense. Then the teacher re-explains the lesson with Bahasa Indonesia. This example gives description that situational code switching happens without any change of the topic. 3 Metaphoric Code Switching This type of code-switching occurs in a conversation in which the role of relationship between the speakers may change. According to McCormick, 1994, p. 583 metaphoric code switching occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role relationship”. For example, a person goes to tax office to sort out her or his tax forms, and fortunately, the tax officer is her or his neighbor. Then, at first this person may greet the tax officer with their local language, their daily language, but then the person changes her or his language into the formal one to affirm her or his purpose to come to the tax office, which is to sort out her or his tax forms. At this point, the person changes the role of relationship from personal to official. In the other hand, the role of relationship between the speakers in a conversation may change. 18 4 Conversational Code Switching The fourth type is conversational code switching, in which “its occurrence is not dependant on a change of interlocutors‟ topic or situation” McCormick, 1994, p. 583. There are three smaller types of conversational code switching which allows the speaker to juxtapose various lengths of foreign language elements in her or his utterances. Those three types of code-switching are phrase code switching, clause code switching and whole sentence code switching. The first type of conversational code switching is clause code switching that happened within a sentence in a form of a clause. Sinclair 2001, p. 204 states that clause is “a group of words, consisting of a subject and a predicate including a finite verb, that does not necessarily constitute a sentence. ” It means that phrase is may be either group of words that includes a subject and predicate forming a sentence independent clause or a sentence like construction in another sentence dependent clause. The second type of conversational code switching is phrase code switching. According to McCormick 1994, p. 583, “chunks within the utterance are called phrase code switching ”. Here, phrase is a group of words that forming a unit in a sentence. The phrase could be noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, verb phrase or prepositional phrase. The third type of conversational code switching is called whole sentence code switching. Malik 1994, p. 11 states, “the juxtaposed element is a whole sentence in length, it is called a whole sentence code switching ”. This kind of code switching could be recognized if there are signs such as full stop ., comma 19 ,, question mark ?, or exclamation . Thus, whole sentence code switching is a group of words that consist of a statement, question, or a command that begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop to form a full sentence. 5 Single Word Code Switching Another term for this type is lexical borrowing. This type of code-switching allows a speaker to use only single word from another language and put it within her or his native language utterances McCormick, 1994, p. 585. Below is one example of this type of code switching can be seen like this, the announcer is placing an English single word within her native language utterance. a Kalo kamu bisa menjawab kamu boleh request dua lagu. [If you answer correctly, you can request two songs]. Sunset Drive September 18, 2013 It is clear from the example given that the speaker substitutes an Indonesian word with an English word. In the example, the announcer translates Indonesian word „minta’ with an English word „request‟. 6 Integrated Loanwords This type of code switching happens in a morpheme level McCormick, 1994. It means that a speaker may integrate a word from a foreign language with affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression. The example of this type of code switching can be seen in this sentence, which involves Indonesia and English language. From the example, the speaker combines an Indonesian prefix „di’ with an English word „reject‟. a Tapi, di-reject sama Blue, if you do not come back [But, it is rejected by Blue, if you do not come back]. Sunset Drive September 18, 2013 20 On the other hand, according to Romaine 1995, p. 122 there are three types of code switching such as inter-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching and tag-switching. Tag switching is the insertion of a tag in one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other language Romaine, 1995, p. 122. Intra-sentential switching is a code switching that occurs within a sentence. This kind of code switching can be in a form of a single word, a phrase, or a clause. Moreover, inter-sentential code switching is code switching which occurs between sentences. The example of inter-sentential code switching and intra-sentential can be shown in the following case. a Intra Sentential Switching Awal-awal kadang-kadang bilang aku ga bisa nge-reject karena udah punya mantan lagi come back in my life. [At the beginning, sometimes you say I cannot reject because I have my ex come back in my life]. b Inter Sentential Switching Satu lagu ini yang kita puterin. This is one direction with „best song ever‟ special for you. [This song that we are playing. This is one direction with „best song ever‟ special for you]. c Tag Switching You know, diakan artis yang selalu gonta-ganti pasangan itu. [You know, he is the artist who always changing his partner]. Sunset Drive September 19, 2013 According Asher 1994, p. 128, there are six types of code switching. Those types are diglossia, single word code switching, phrase code switching, sentence code switching, clause code switching and integrated loanwords. This type of code switching is based on the length of juxtaposed elements of 21 utterances. Therefore, in this study, the researcher combines six types of code switching based on the theories proposed by Asher 1994 and McCormick 1994 which have been stated previously.

c. The Reasons for Code Switching

People switch their language from one language to another language with some reasons. According to Gumperz 1982, p. 75, “code switching is used to build an effective communication between people who are involved ”. Gumperz 1982 proposed some reasons of code switching. They are quotation, addressee specification, message qualification, personalization and facility of expression. 1. Quotation Code switching refers to this reason when a subject of code switching quotes themselves and others to state slogan or maxim, and to sound more credible to be addresses. This is a proof that what he is saying is a fact and the addressee has to believe it. As an example, when a speaker said “I swear kalau ternyata dia sudah ….”, the code switching words “I swear” form a quotation that is quoted by the announcer from experts indirectly to sound more credible to the listeners to believe him. 2. Addressee Specification In this second reason, this type of code switching aims to direct message to a specific person. “This type of switching is recognizing not only the interacting members of the speech events but it is recognizing that their language act may be more than merely a matter of individual‟s preference or facility, but also a matter of role relations ” Gumperz, 1982, p. 78. As an example, in the “Sunset Drive” 22 program, there is a word bro. This word “bro” is used to call people who are listeners of the music program so the announcers and the listeners sound closer. The word „bro‟ is a shorten term for „brother‟. It is usually used among youngsters to call a young man who is familiarized. 3. Message Qualification Message qualification deals with the switching that consists of qualifying constructions, such as clauses, phrases and sentence Gumperz, 1982, p. 79. The main message is sometimes in Bahasa Indonesia and in English. When it is in Bahasa Indonesia, the following English phrases or sentences are used to qualify message or vice versa. As an example, “Dia sedang menyusun makalah untuk tentang disability people around the world ”. Here, the main message is in Indonesian, while the English phrase serves to give more information to the reader what the paper is about. 5. Personalization The switching reflects personal opinions, feeling, and knowledge of the speaker. As some English expressions are familiar in some situations and contexts, a speaker might feel that English is more personal when talking about a difficult situation and therefore it describes his feeling better. Some English expressions such as “I miss you” and “I love you” are commonly found. People find it strange and awkward to say “Aku rindu kamu” or “aku cinta kamu”. These expressions are not commonly found in real life. Therefore, people tend to use English expressions as it is more convention and does not look strange. 23 6. Facility of Expression In accordance with this study, this kind of reason refers to the lack of Indonesian equivalence for certain words in English. For example, the words “online”, “browser” and “server” do not have exact equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia. Thus people tend to use the original English words. In order to have more understanding about the reasons for code switching, the writer also referees theories proposed by another linguist. According to Malik 1994, p. 16, there are ten communicative reasons of code switching. These reasons are lack of facility, lack of register, mood of the speaker, emphasizing a point, habitual experience, semantic significance, showing identity with a group, addressing a different audience, pragmatic reasons, and attraction. Each will be described in the following pages. 1. Lack of Facility Malik 1994, p. 10 defines that “bilinguals or multilingual often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly”. In accordance with this research, this reason is related to the lack of equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia. The writer offered an example below “Seafood adalah makanan langka di musim penghujan” [Seafood is a rare food in rainy season]. From this example, the word “seafood” has familiar meaning rather than the equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia “makanan hasil laut”. Thus, people tend to use the original English words “seafood”. In addition, lack of facility also refers to