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Adapted from Kemmis and Taggart in Hopkin 1993: 48
D. Research Procedure
Joko Nurkamto, 2009 states the procedures of the Classroom Action Research CAR can be illustrated are as follows;
PR FF PS GP A1 O1 R1 RP …
Where PR : Preliminary Reflection
FF : Fact Finding
PS : Problem Statement
GP : General Planning
A1 : Action 1
O1 : Observation 1
R1 : Reflection
RP : Revised plan
… : A2,O2, P2
The description of each step of the procedure can be seen on the following explanation:
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1. Preliminary Reflection This research was started by making an observation. This was done in
January 2011. During the observation, the researcher found that students faced problems in writing. There were some indications which showed their poor ability
in writing for instance: the students did not organize their writing well, their ideas were not coherence, they did not use tense in the right context, they had lack of
vocabulary, diction and their understanding of mechanics was low. 2. Fact Finding Analysis
Based on the preliminary research, the researcher found that the students’ writing ability was still far from what is expected. From the result of the students’
writing, the average score was 53,51. There were only 12,50 or 4 students who got scores more than 60, and 87,50 or 28 students were failed. They got scores
below the passing grade the minimum adequacy criteria is 60. Most of them could not pass the passing grade It means that the students’ writing ability in
English lesson for the ninth grade was low.
3. Problem Statement Based on the identification and the analysis of the problem the researcher
formulates the problem to solve. The formulation of the problem is accompanied by the causes. In this study, the researcher formulated that the problem was the
students’ difficulties in writing. There were two causes of the students’ problems in writing. First, teachers still used traditional approach in which they only
demanded the students’ writing product, they only gave fewer portion for writing,
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whereas writing is a complex activity. Second, students could not organize their ideas well, use right grammar, chose appropriate vocabulary, and use punctuation
correctly.
4. General Planning Based in the fact finding analysis above, the researcher applied media
picture series to solve the problems’ in teaching writing. There were some steps that the researcher did; Building Knowledge of the Field BKOF, Modeling of
the Text MOT, Join Construction on the Text JKOT, and Independent Construction of the Text ICOT. These steps can lead the students to write
through some stages in the writing process including pre-writing, writing, revising, and editing. Each stage must be followed by the students in order that
they can create a good written text. By doing so, it is hoped that it could solve the students’ problems. The stages facilitated the students with interesting teaching
strategy and media in order to facilitate them to write. Furthermore, in the phase the researcher prepares the material and media, sets the criteria of success and
prepares the research instrument.
a. Preparing the lesson plan Preparing the lesson plan is very important in order to make the teaching
learning process run well. It covers standard competency, basic competency, indicators, learning objectives, instructional media and strategy, teaching and
learning materials, teaching and learning activities, source of learning and the assessment. It also contains the procedure of presenting the lesson in each meeting
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in order to solve the problems faced by the students. In this case, the researcher and co-researcher teach English especially writing based on the lesson plan by
using picture series media, this research focuses on creating procedure text through picture series media. A cycle encompasses three meetings. Each meeting
includes pre-writing activity, writing activity, revising activity, and editing activity.
b. Having a co- researchercollaborator Since it is very important to have collaboration and cooperation in the
research, the researcher asked one of the English teachers in the school as a collaborator. In clarifying the duty and function of the teacher, the researcher uses
the term collaborator. The collaborator involved in every step in using the media in the teaching-learning process.
c. Preparing the teaching media The media that the researcher prepared in teaching writing was picture
series. These picture series is expected to facilitate the students in learning English, emphasizing on students’ writing, this is due to the writer believed that
students’ writing skill needs improvement. It is considered that in preparing the picture series, the researcher carefully selected them considering the students’
interest and vocabulary level.
d. Setting criteria of success.
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Setting the criteria is needed to know whether the implementation of the action is successful or not. There are some criteria in measuring the success of
using picture series. First, the students’ attitudes toward the use of picture series, the students enjoy and are interested to learn English, especially in learning
writing in the classroom. Second, the students are actively involved during the teaching and learning process. Third, the students are able to arrange short simple
story based on the picture series that they have seen. More than 70 of the students should gain the Minimum Adequacy Criteria score Kriteria Ketentuan
MinimalKKM of English subject in the school determined by the material, the school facilities, and intake of the students. The KKM for English is 60.
Latief 2003: 110 says that the criteria of the teaching media or strategy are considered successful if:
1 Students feel happy in using strategy or media in the teaching-learning process 2 Teachers feel that the strategy was easy and practical to be used in the
teaching- learning process. 3 The students are more active and creative in the teaching-learning
process 4 The students are happy to be able to develop on cooperative studying
with their friends in the teaching- learning process. 5 The students have high intention to study using the strategy.
e. Acting The researcher implemented the steps that have been prepared. The steps were
that are done: 1 Warming-up
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In this stage, teacher gave some questions related to thee topic that will be given. This step engaged the students to come into the topic so that
the students know what the learnt. 2 Building Knowledge of Field
In this stage, teacher engaged the students to the topic given. Teacher introduced the topic given to the students. This involves idea, situation,
vocabulary that will be used in the teaching-learning process. 3 Modeling
In this stage, teacher gave explanation about the topic given, gave example of a procedure text, and explained the generic structure and the
language feature of a procedure text. And then, gave picture series dealing with procedure texts.
4 Joint Construction Text In this stage, teacher asked the students to write procedure text based on
picture series given in group 5 Independent Construction of the Text
In this stage, teacher asked the students to write procedure text based on picture series given individually. The students were expected to be able
to write procedure text by themselves.
5. Observing the action Observing the action is monitoring the effect of the action. The
observation may be carried out while the researcher takes the action. It was done simultaneously. The observation was not only on the teaching learning process but
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also on the learning progress the students achieved. Both the researcher and co- researcher did the observations during the use of picture series in teaching writing.
Observing the action is done to know whether the action applied has effect or not.
6. Reflecting on the action Reflecting on the action is done to know and to find out how well the
action solves the problem faced in the teaching-learning process. The researcher should know how far the use of media meet or achieve the criteria of success that
has been set. Reflection provides useful information for preparing the next action. From the results of the reflection, the researcher helped by the collaborator was
able to prepare a plan for the next cycle. 7. Revised plan
Reflection is the last step for a cycle in CAR. Based on the results of the reflection, the researcher could determine whether he has to continue or to stop
the research. If it is needed, the revised plan can be designed, since there is a relation between one cycle and the next cycle.
E. Data Collection Technique
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