There are two types of borrowing that is proposed by Molina and Albir, they are pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. Based on the example, the first
example is categorized as pure borrowing, while the rest are categorized as naturalized borrowing. The word Orient Express is transferred into Orient Express
in the TL without any change. Meanwhile, the word Mystery and Tragedy are modified from the usual pronunciation in SL and phonologically transferred into
TL. The sound and how to pronounce the words in SL and TL are likely the same. The word Mystery m
ɪ́stəri changes into Misteri misteri and the word Tragedy trǽdʒədi changes into Tragedi tragedi.
d. Discursive Creation
The fourth technique is discursive creation. There are six translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL
TL Technique
11SLEUS Evil Under the Sun
Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy
Discursive Creation
14SLHDD Hickory Dickory
Dock Pembunuhan di
Pondokan Mahasiswa
Discursive Creation
26SLTC The Clocks
Mayat Misterius Discursive
Creation
Based on the definition of discursive creation proposed by Molina and Albir, those examples are having non-lexical equivalence that only works in
context. This translation involves the translator’s thought and idea. The making of
TL title is based on the highlight event or what is happening in the story. It is because if the SL title is translated literally, it might be confusing or ambiguous to
the reader. There are some factors that affect this ambiguity, for example, different cultural backgrounds, different metaphorical sense, and others. The phrase Evil
Under the Sun, Hickory Dickory Dock, and The Clocks are translated by the translator using this technique to provide more understandable titles that are
reasonable to the Indonesian reader.
e. Literal Translation
The fifth technique is literal translation. There are twenty one translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL
TL Technique
5SLC Curtain
Tirai Literal Translation
7SLDA Death in the Air
Maut di Udara Literal Translation
25SLTBF The Big Four
Empat Besar Literal Translation
Based on the example, the words or expression in the titles are translated word by word by their lexical meaning . The first example is the word Curtain is
translated into Tirai. It is the lexical meaning of curtain. The second example is Death in the Air is translated into Maut di Udara. The expression in the title is
translated also word by word. The same thing also happened in the translation of The Big Four into Empat Besar.
f. Modulation
The sixth technique is modulation. There are three translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL
TL Technique
15SLLED Lord Edgware Dies
Matinya Lord Edgware
Modulation PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
No SL
TL Technique
21SLOTB One, Two, Buckle
My Shoe Satu, Dua, Pasang
Gesper Sepatunya Modulation
From the examples above, there are changes in the point of view, without change the meaning. In modulation, the translator changes the focus or point of
view that exist in the SL. In the first example, the emphasis is on the subject, Lord Edgware. But in the TL, the translator chooses to emphasize the death of Lord
Edgware. The second example is the word My Shoe is translated into Sepatunya. There is a change in the point of view. My Shoe means the shoe belongs the person
who say it, but in the TL it becomes Sepatunya, which means the shoe belongs to someone else. The word my in the SL functions as a possessive determiner.
Possessive determiner is used before a noun Shoe. The suffix –nya in the TL
functions as a personal pronoun in Bahasa Indonesia.
g. Particularization
The seventh technique is particularization. There is one translation that use this technique. The example is provided below:
No SL
TL Technique
4SL CAP
Cat Among the Pigeons
Kucing di Tengah Burung Dara
Particularization
Based on the example above, the word Pigeons is translated into Burung Dara. The translator chooses to use the term Burung Dara in the TL because the
word Pigeons in general has many meaning if it is translated to Bahasa Indonesia. It can be Burung Dara, Burung Merpati, or Burung Punai Kamus Inggris-
Indonesia. Particularization is chosen by the translator to specify the translated meaning Pigeons into Burung Dara.
h. Transposition
The eighth technique is transposition. There are ten translations that use this technique. The examples are provided below:
No SL
TL Technique
24SLTAM The A.B.C Murders Pembunuhan ABC
Transposition 31SLTG
Third Girl Gadis Ketiga
Transposition
Based on the two examples above, the grammatical structures from the SL are adjusted in the TL. It should be done in order to comply with the correct
grammatical structure in Bahasa Indonesia. For example, Third Girl is translated into Gadis Ketiga. In order to meet the characteristic of structure in Bahasa
Indonesia, the translator adapts the pattern by putting the initial word of phrase as the main focus or emphasis of the phrase in both SL and TL. For instance, the word
third emphasizes the noun girl, thus the word third in the initial position is the emphasis. In the TL, the word gadis is the emphasis of the TL.
C. Title Writing Techniques Analysis of
Agatha Christie’s Indonesian Book Titles
In this part, the writer wants to discuss the title writing technique used by the translator
for making Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles. There are 33 book titles that are assessed in this part. These titles are derived from Agatha
Christie’s books in English which had been translated and adapted in Indonesian PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
language. The writer wants to explain the technique used by the translator to create Indonesian titles from the SL, which is English.
These translation are analyzed based on Putra’s theory of how to write
interesting titles. Putra proposes six techniques to create an interesting title. The data are analyzed and classified based on those six techniques, along with the
explanation according to the theory. Below is the result of the analysis as shown in the chart:
Based on the data above, there are four techniques out of six techniques that are
used to write Agatha Christie’s Indonesian book titles. They are combining the main character with a predicate, symbolic, alias, and the essence of the story.
The technique that is mostly used by the translator is the essence of the story. There are 17 translations 52 that used this technique. The second mostly used
technique is symbolic. There are 13 translations 39 that used this technique. The
Taking the main characters name
Combining the main character
with a predicate 3
Symbolic 39
Alias 6
The essence of the story
52 Eulogy
C
HART
3. T
HE
R
ESULT OF
T
ITLE
W
RITING
T
ECHNIQUES IN
A
GATHA
C
HRISTIE
’
S
I
NDONESIAN
B
OOK
T
ITLES
third mostly used technique is alias. There are two translation 6 that used this technique.
a. Combining the main character with a predicate
No TL
Technique Used
16SLMSM Mrs McGinty Sudah Mati Combining the main character with a predicate
Based on the example, it can be seen that the title involved the name of the main character. The main character of the story, also subject, is Mrs. McGinty.
Thus, the translator takes the name of the main character to be included in the title. After that, the name of the main character is combined with a predicate. Predicate
in Bahasa Indonesia means a part of the sentence which marks what is said by the speaker on the subject Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. In this title, Sudah Mati
is the predicate. It gives further information about the subject. The translator creates the TL title by combining the main character with a predicate.
b. Symbolic
No TL
Technique Used
4SLKTB Kucing di Tengah Burung
Dara Symbolic
From the example above, it can be seen that some symbols contained in the title. The first example, Cat among the Pigeons, is a phrase derived from a
British idiom, which means ‘a disturbance caused by an undesirable person’ https:en.wikipedia.orgwikiThrow_the_cat_among_the_pigeons. Thus, the
translation of the SL title is indeed the exact meaning word by word in the TL title, but the translator puts Kucing di Tengah Burung Dara because it conveys the same
symbols as the SL because the literal expression of the TL also have the same idiomatic meaning with the SL, therefore it is unnecessary to conduct a
modification during the translation process. Kucing and Burung Dara are symbols because in everyday life usually cats prey on animals such as mice and birds. The
culprit in the story is symbolized as a cat that always preys on small animals.
c. Alias
No TL
Technique Used
9SLSB Saksi Bisu
Alias
25SLEB Empat Besar
Alias
Alias is chosen to give a hint about nickname or epithet addressing the main character. Based on the example, the noun phrase will act as the phrase
representing the characters in the story. For example, Dumb Witness and Saksi Bisu explains the main character who acts as a witness and dumb not being able to speak
up. On the other hand, The Big Four and Empat Besar signifies that there will be four main characters in the story based on the quantity mentioned in both titles in
SL four and TL empat. In this story, The Big Four is also described as an epithet for the four criminal in the four different countries.
d. The essence of the story
No TL
Technique Used
13SLPMN Pembunuhan di Malam
Natal The essence of the story
28SLPRA Pembunuhan atas Roger
Ackroyd The essence of the story
Based on the example, the translator takes the essence of the story to be the title of the books. Both of the examples have the word pembunuhan in TL,
which indicate the story is about a murder case. Without the word pembunuhan in the TL, there will be no hint at all for the readers that there will be an act of murder
in the story, thus causing the title as a title that is not representative to the main idea of the story.
