Dyahpramesti Review of Related Studies

Formal Equivalence Dynamic Equivalence Focus on the form of the message Focus on the response of the message for TR – in order to be essentially like the SR The goal is to reproduce the same meaning The goal is to reproduce the same response Meanwhile, Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence are similar with Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation. According to Newmark, semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original 1981:39. It means, semantic translation tries to maintain the structure of the text so that the structure in the target text would be as closely as possible with the original text. On the other hand, communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership 1981:40. Hence, the translator thoughts and ideas are sometimes involves in this kind of translation because the translator is trying to achieve a certain effect or response from the reader in the target language. The difference between semantic and communicative translation can be summarized in table as follows: Table 2. Compa rison of Newmark’s Semantic and Communicative Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Written at author’s linguistic level Written at reader’s linguistic level Used for expressive texts, e.g. autobiography, political statement Used for informative texts, e.g. non- literary writin, popular fiction Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Every word translated represents some loss of meaning The same words similarly translated lose no meaning at all Translator’s thoughts and ideas are not involved in translating a text Translator’s thoughts and ideas are involved in translating a text From the explanation above, the writer noted several similarities of the theories as stated by Nida ’s and Newmark’s. Both Nida and Newmark mention about the form of the message, both semantic and structural form, which should be as closely as possible with the original text. Moreover, dynamic equivalence and communicative translation also have basic similarity, to produce a good translation of text and easily understood by the reader.

3. Translation Techniques

Molina and Albir 2002:509 define translation techniques as procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. Therefore, method, strategies and techniques need to be distinguished since they are essentially different categories. Strategies and methods are part of the process, while techniques affect the result Molina and Albir, 2002:507- 508. Thus, translation techniques can be used to translate smaller units of language words, phrases, or expressions from the SL into the TL. A technique is the result of a choice made by a translator, its validity will depend on various questions related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience expectations, and others Molina and Albir, 2002:509.