17 Crystal 1987, Wardhaugh 1992 and Hoffman 1991. Some of the reasons
which are proposed by those linguists are in the same intention but they are in different terms. Thus, the researcher summarizes the similar reasons and
simplifies the similar reasons into one term. In this research, the context of relation is between “the writer” of the magazine and “the reader”. Thus, the
researcher changes the term “speaker” into “writer” and “listener” into “reader”. The researcher employs five reasons. The first is talking about a particular topic.
This reason is proposed by Hoffman 1991 and Wardhaugh 1992 and supported by Crystal 1987. The second is showing solidarity to build a good relation with
the target readers. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh 1992, Crystal 1987 and Hoffman 1991. The third is perceived social and cultural distances. This
reason is proposed by Wardhaugh 1992 and supported by Crystal 1987. The fourth is quoting somebody Hoffman, 1991. The fifth is being emphatic about
something Hoffman, 1992. The researcher analyzes the code-switching cases occur in the magazine and tries to identify the suitable theoretical reasons which
are relevant to the cases.
18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides descriptions on the methodology used in this research. This chapter consists of research method, research setting, research
subject, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
As has been stated in research problem, this research was aimed to find out the answer to two questions. First, the aim of the research was to indentify the
code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer magazine based on its types. The second aim was to elaborate the theoretical reasons for code-switching found in
InfoKomputer magazine. This research is considered as a descriptive research. Ary, Jacobs, and
Razavieh 2002: 381 explains that descriptive research is designed to obtain information concerning the current phenomena. Descriptive research rather seeks
to describe what exists in a situation. Bungis 2007: 68-69 explains that descriptive study involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. In
this research, the researcher does not generally test a hypothesis, but rather find out and describe information of what really exists in a certain situation. According
to Best 1981, there are some characteristics of descriptive research. First, the
19 process of gaining the data is inductive. Second, the researcher tends to gather the
data to draw a conclusion rather than to test the hypothesis. In the descriptive research, the form of data can be qualitative
−in verbal symbols
−or quantitative−in mathematical symbols Dalen, 1973: 195. In this research, qualitative data is employed. Since, qualitative research is basically
interpretative, the researcher made an interpretation of the data through narrative description. Furthermore, it includes analyzing data to their theme or category and
at the last stage drawing conclusions about the interpretation personally as well as theoretically Wolcott, 1994 as cited in Creswell, 2003: 182.
Document analysis was used to answer the first question. According to Leedy and Ormrod 2005: 142, a document analysis was typically performed on a
form of human communication, including books, newspapers, magazine, films, television, art, music, videotapes and transcript of conversation. In this research,
the researcher analyzed a magazine which contains English code-switching. This methodology was used to find out the types of code-switching cases found in the
magazine. Meanwhile, to find out the answer to the second question, the researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed some written sources
to find out the answer to the second question. There were two kinds of sources in this study. The first was InfoKomputer magazine, in which the code-switching
cases were found, and the second was the theory of reasons for code-switching.
