14 speaker may switch the code to include the listeners into the conversation. The
topics of discussion also affect the speaker to switch the code and also influence the choice of code. People might change their language depending on the topic
they are talking about, because it would be easier to discuss particular topics in a certain code than another. The different kinds of relationship are often shown by
different codes. For example, relation between teacher and students are more formal than that between neighbors or friends. Therefore, the languages they use
are also different. Hoffman states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of
the reasons are of a contextual, situational and personal sort” 1991: 115. There are a number of reasons why people do code-switching. The first reason is talking
about a particular topic. It happens when people lack facility in relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to
experiences in a particular language Hoffman, 1991: 115. A particular topic may have specific terms which are available only in other languages or available in the
speaker’s language but they are rarely used. The second reason why people switch the language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The third is that
the speakers are being emphatic about something. This code-switching may be in the form of an interjection or repetition used for clarification. The form of those
expressions illustrates that the speaker has personal involvement and desire to be well understood. The fourth reason is that people used code-switching to express
group identity as well as solidarity with a certain group Hoffman, 1991: 116. By
15 switching the code, the speaker has desire to be accepted in certain community or
group.
d. Code-switching and Language Learning
Cook 1991 as cited by Skiba 1997 agrees that code-switching can be used to help the process of language learning. Living in a bilingual circumstance
forces people to master a language in which that language is not their mother tongue. Nevertheless, not all the people master the second language. Code-
switching can possibly aid the second language learners to master the second language. Krashen as cited in Ellis 1997 proposes what is called input
hypothesis. He suggests that “the right level of input is attained automatically when interlocutors succeed in making themselves understood in communication”
1997: 47. It means that language competence of the second language learners is influenced by the language they produce. When they understand what they utter,
they can be successful in attaining the language they learn. In producing the utterance, there are some factors which either obstruct or
support the successful language production of the second language learners. Therefore, if the language which the learners receive is totally wrong, it will guide
the learners to the wrong concept of the language. The wrong example may bring the wrong language production. As a result, the learners will fail in attaining the
language they learned. Meanwhile, if the learners are given the right example of language, their language learning will be successfully attained.
16
A. Theoretical Framework
This research deals with code-switching phenomenon in the magazine. Therefore, code-switching phenomenon which is analyzed is in a written form.
Based on the theories presented above, the researcher decides to use some theories as the theoretical framework. The aims of this research are to find out the code-
switching cases and theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine. In order to clarify the findings, the discussion of code-switching cases
will be based on the code-switching types. In dealing with types of code-switching, the researcher uses theories
proposed by Hoffman 1991. She elaborates seven types of code-switching namely intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-
sentential code-switching, code-switching to establish continuity with previous speaker, emblematic code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-
switching and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation. The researcher uses five types of code-switching which can occur in the written form.
They are intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter- sentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and
emblematic code-switching. Code-switching to establish continuity with the previous speaker and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation
are not used, since those two types of code-switching only occur in spoken language.
To identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching which occur in InfoKomputer magazine, the researcher adopts reasons which are proposed by
17 Crystal 1987, Wardhaugh 1992 and Hoffman 1991. Some of the reasons
which are proposed by those linguists are in the same intention but they are in different terms. Thus, the researcher summarizes the similar reasons and
simplifies the similar reasons into one term. In this research, the context of relation is between “the writer” of the magazine and “the reader”. Thus, the
researcher changes the term “speaker” into “writer” and “listener” into “reader”. The researcher employs five reasons. The first is talking about a particular topic.
This reason is proposed by Hoffman 1991 and Wardhaugh 1992 and supported by Crystal 1987. The second is showing solidarity to build a good relation with
the target readers. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh 1992, Crystal 1987 and Hoffman 1991. The third is perceived social and cultural distances. This
reason is proposed by Wardhaugh 1992 and supported by Crystal 1987. The fourth is quoting somebody Hoffman, 1991. The fifth is being emphatic about
something Hoffman, 1992. The researcher analyzes the code-switching cases occur in the magazine and tries to identify the suitable theoretical reasons which
are relevant to the cases.
