people who use a foreign language; everyone needs to pay attention to precise details of language. He needs to find the most appropriate word
and also the correct grammar to convey meaning precisely and accurately.
b. Function of Speaking
There are many functions of speaking proposed by many practitioners. According to Brown and Yule in Richards 2008:21-28 there
are three functions of speaking; they are speaking as interaction, speaking as performance, and speaking as transaction. Speaking as interaction refers
to the interaction which serves a primarily social function. When people meet, they exchange greetings, engage in small speaking and chit chat,
recount recent experiences because they wish to be friendly and to establish a comfortable zone of interaction with others. The focus is more
on the speaker and how they wish to presents themselves to each other. Speaking as performance refers to public speaking; it is talk which
transmits information before and audience such as public announcements and speeches. Speaking as performance tends to be in form of monolog
rather than dialogue, often follow a recognizable format and it is closer to written language than conversational language. Speaking as transaction
refers to situation where the focus is on the message about what is said or achieved in order to make people understood clearly and accurately.
c. Micro and Macro skills of Speaking
The micro-skills of speaking refer to producing the smaller chunks of language such as phonemes, morphemes, words, collocations, and phrasal
units. The macro-skills imply the speaker’s focus on the larger elements such as fluency, discourse, function, style, cohesion, nonverbal
communication, and strategic options. Brown 2001: 271 adds in teaching oral communication, micro skills
are very important. One implication is the importance of focusing on both the forms of language and the functions of the language. He also mentions
that the pieces of language should be given attention for more that make up to the whole. Furthermore he mentions micro skills of oral
communication: 1
Produce chunks of language of different lengths. 2
Orally produces differences among the English phonemes and allophonic variants.
3 Produce English patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions
rhythmic structure, and into national contours. 4
Produce reduced forms if words and phrases. 5
Use an adequate number of lexical units words in order to accomplish pragmatic purpose.
6 Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery.
7 Monitor your own oral production and use various strategic devices
pauses, fillers, self-corrections, backtracking- to enhance the clarity
of the message. 8
Use grammatical word classes nouns, verbs, etc., system e.g. tense, agreement, and pluralization, word order, patterns, rules, and
elliptical forms. 9
Produce speech in natural constituent in appropriate phrases, pause groups, breath groups, and sentences.
10 Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms. 11 Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
12 Accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to the situation, participants and goals.
13 Use appropriate registers, implicative, pragmatic conventions, and other sociolinguistics features in face to face conversations.
14 Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given
information, generalization, and exemplification.
d. The Components of Speaking
Every skill has a component to fulfill its needs. Speaking also needs many components. According to Vanderkevent 1990:8, there are three
components in speaking. 1 The speakers
Speakers are a people who produce the sound. They are useful as the tool to express opinion or feelings to the hearer. So if there are no
speakers, the opinion or the feelings or the feeling won’t be stated. 2 The listeners
Listeners are people who receive or get the speaker’s opinion or feeling. If there are no listeners, speakers will express their opinion
by writing. 3 The Utterances
The utterances are words or sentences, which are produced by the speakers to state the opinion. If there is no utterance, both of the
speakers and the listeners will use sign.
2. Teaching Speaking
Brown 2001:7 states that teaching means showing or helping someone how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of the
something, providing with the knowledge, causing to know or to understand. Teaching as an activity for guiding and facilitating the learners to learn and
setting the condition of learning. According to Nunan 2003 what is meant by teaching speaking is to
teach English language learners to: 1 Produce the English speech sounds and sounds patterns.
2 Use words and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the second language.
3 Select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting, audience, situation and subject matter.
